Research review paperPerspectives of plant-associated microbes in heavy metal phytoremediation
Section snippets
Microbe assisted phytoremediation
Heavy metal contamination of soils has received considerable attention in the contemporary science. Application of biological processes for decontaminating the contaminated/polluted sites is a challenging task because heavy metals cannot be degraded and hence persist in the soil (Kidd et al., 2009, Lebeau et al., 2008, Ma et al., 2011a, Rajkumar et al., 2010). In order to cleanup the contaminated sites, heavy metals should be extracted and concentrated by an appropriate technique for proper
Plant-associated microbes improve heavy metal mobilization/immobilization
Plants growing in metal contaminated soils harbor a diverse group of microorganisms (Idris et al., 2004, Zarei et al., 2008, Zarei et al., 2010) that are capable of tolerating high concentration of metals and providing a number of benefits to both the soil and the plant. Among the microorganisms involved in heavy metal phytoremediation, the rhizosphere bacteria deserve special attention because they can directly improve the phytoremediation process by changing the metal bioavailability through
Plant growth promotion by plant-associated microbes
A small alteration in the physico-chemical-biological properties of rhizosphere soils caused by biotic/abiotic stress can have a dramatic effect on the plant-microbe interaction. The metal resistant-plant-associated microbes have been reported for potential to stimulate the acquisition of plant nutrients, reduce metal toxicity, immobilize/mobilize heavy metals in the soil, recycle the nutrients, improve plant health and control plant pathogens (Aafi et al., 2012, Glick, 2010, Hayat et al., 2010
Conclusion
Since the plant-associated microbes possess the capability of plant growth promotion and/or metal mobilization/immobilization, there has been increasing interest in the possibility of manipulating plant-microbe interactions in metal contaminated soils (Aafi et al., 2012, Azcón et al., 2010, Braud et al., 2009b, Dimkpa et al., 2008, Dimkpa et al., 2009a, Dimkpa et al., 2009b, Hrynkiewicz et al., 2012, Kuffner et al., 2010, Luo et al., 2011, Luo et al., 2012, Maria et al., 2011, Mastretta et al.,
Acknowledgements
M. R acknowledges the financial support received in the form of Ramalingaswami re-entry fellowship from Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Government of India. M. R also acknowledges the kind support and encouragement extended by Dr. S. R. Wate, Director, NEERI, Nagpur. Authors are grateful to anonymous referees and editor for critical reading and improvement of the manuscript.
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