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Anatomical factors in resistance to Dutch elm disease

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Abstract

The localizing of pathogen (Ceratocystis ulmi) establishment in Dutch elm disease-resistant hosts is hypothesized as the major mechanism of resistance to this disease. Four factors are proposed that, singly or in all possible combinations, could regulate this general mechanism. We tested one of these factors, vessel size and number of contiguous vessels in the functional xylem at the point of natural inoculation. Using 23 selections from the Ulmaceae, we examined a constant area of second-year xylem of 2-year-old twigs. These anatomical data indicate that a correlation exists between increasing disease susceptibility and increasing vessel group size (the product of average vessel diameter and average number of contiguous vessels). Other evidence suggests that lateral pathogen movement is at first confined to the vessel group or groups of initial inoculation. Therefore, in a given limited time period, tylosis production could more effectively block vertical pathogen movement in vessel groups of small size. Relationships between vessel group size and the extent of sapwood discoloration are discussed. Vessel size and arrangement also is discussed in relationship to the resistance reported for young, greenhouse-grown trees. The use of vessel group size is suggested in screening programs for disease resistance. Recent research on oak suggests chemical modification of xylem tissue to lessen elm susceptibility.

Samenvatting

Als hypothese wordt gesteld, dat resistentie tegen de iepeziekte in de eerste plaats berust op het vermogen van resistente gastheren om de uitbreiding van de ziekteverwekker (Ceratocystis ulmi) te beperken. Er worden vier factoren genoemd die (alleen of in combinatie) dit vermogen zouden bepalen. Een van de vier werd getoetst, en wel afmeting van vaten en aantal aaneengrenzende vaten in de buitenste jaarring op de plaats waar natuurlijke infecties plaatsvinden. Er werden 22 iepeselecties en één andere Ulmacee gebruikt, waarin de vaten gemeten en geteld werden in een constant oppervlak van de dwarsdoorsnee van het tweede-jaars-hout van twee jaar oude twijgen. Deze anatomische gegevens tonen een correlatie tussen toenemende vatbaarheid voor de ziekte en toenemende vaatgroepgrootte, die hier gedefinieerd is als het produkt van de gemiddelde vatdiameter en het gemiddelde aantal aaneengrenzende vaten (zie Tabel 4). Uitbreiding van de schimmel in dwarsrichting van de boom is om te beginnen beperkt tot die vaatgroepen die oorspronkelijk geïnfecteerd waren. Daarom zal de uitbreiding van de schimmel in de lengterichting met meer effekt door thyllen geblokkeerd kunnen worden in vaatgroepen van geringere grootte.

De verhouding tussen vaatgroepgrootte en mate van houtverkleuring na infectie wordt besproken. Grootte en rangschikking van vaten wordt ook genoemd in verband met een zekere mate van resistentie van jonge, in de kas opgekweekte bomen. Het gebruik van vaatgroepgrootte wordt voorgesteld als een maatstaf bij het selecteren van resistente individuen uit grote populaties. Recent onderzoek over het effect van de stof TCPA op de anatomie van eiken suggereert dat het mogelijk is met chemicaliën de opbouw van het houtweefsel van iep te wijzigen en zodoende zijn vatbaarheid voor de iepeziekte te verkleinen.

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Journal Paper No. J-6392 of the Iowa Agricultural and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. Project No. 1706. Appears also as Mededeling 106 of the Forest Research Station “De Dorschkamp”.

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McNabb, H.S., Heybroek, H.M. & Macdonald, W.L. Anatomical factors in resistance to Dutch elm disease. Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology 76, 196–205 (1970). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01974331

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