Table 2.

LiDAR indices used in the present study.

Abbreviation	Calculation Method	Reference
V_ALL	N_Vegetation/N_All	Maltamo et al. 2004; Sasaki et al. 2008; 2016b
V_FO	N_Vegetation/(N_First + N_Only)	Sasaki et al. 2008
VF_FO	N_{VegetationFirst}/(N_First + N_Only)	Sasaki et al. 2016b
VL_LO	NV_{egetationLast}/(N_Last + N_Only)	Sasaki et al. 2016b
VO_FO	N_{VegetationOnly}/(N_First + N_Only)
VFVO_FO	(N_{VegetationFirst} + N_{VegetationOnly})/(N_First + N_Only)	Korhonen et al. 2011
VLVO_LO	(N_{VegetationLast} + N_{VegetationOnly})/(N_Last + N_Only)	Korhonen et al. 2011
VO_ALL	N_{VegetationOnly}/N_All
VO_O	N_{VegetationOnly}/N_Only	Sasaki et al. 2008
VO_VFVO	N_{VegetationOnly}/(N_{VegetationFirst} + N_{VegetationOnly})	Sasaki et al. 2016b
N_All	Number of all the returns
N_First	Number of the “first” returns
N_Last	Number of the “last” returns
N_Only	Number of the “only” returns
N_Vegetation	Number of the vegetation returns
N_{VegetationFirst}	Number of the “first” returns within the vegetation returns
N_{VegetationLast}	Number of the “last” returns within the vegetation returns
N_{VegetationOnly}	Number of the “only” returns within the vegetation returns