Table 1.

Fractometer readings (fracture moment and angle) for 25 species.

Common name	Scientific name	Location	No. of trees	No. of samples		Fractometer results
						Fracture moment range	Fracture ancle
							Mean	Std. error of mean	Range
				Measured	Broken^*		Mean	Std. error of mean	Range
Bigleaf maple	Acer macrophγllum	OR	3	27	3	5–41	23.2	0.6	20–31
Norway maple	Acer platanoides	IL	3	25	5	5–38	25.6	1.2	17–45
		OR	4	33	2	9–48	28.8	1.1	21–45
		PA	3	28	2	24–99	17.1	0.3	14–21
Red maple	Acer rubrum	PA	3	26	4	46–114	16.7	0.3	15–20
Sugar maple	Acer saccharum	PA	4	37	3	13–191	16.3	0.3	13–20
Deodar cedar	Cedrus deodara	CA	3	16	14	3–61	23.2	1.1	18–32
Hackberry	Celtis occidentalis	PA	1	10	0	54–70	19.3	0.6	16–22
White ash	Fraxinus americana	PA	3	25	5	8–91	16.2	0.5	11–25
European ash	Fraxinus excelsior	IL	2	11	9	19–74	24.1	1.2	20–30
		PA	1	10	0	28–72	17.7	1.4	8–24
Black ash	Fraxinus nigra var. nigra	PA	1	9	1	—	27.1	2.1	20–40
Modesto ash	Fraxinus velutina ‘Modesto’	CA	3	27	3	2–50	23.5	0.7	18–30
Honey locust	Gleditsia triacanthos f. inermis	PA	3	30	0	12–119	18.9	0.8	2–26
Black walnut	Juglans nigra	PA	2	20	0	21–68	15.8	0.2	15–18
Sweetgum	Liquidambar	OR	2	12	8	8–61	28.8	1.6	20–40
	stγraciflua	PA	2	18	2	2–54	16.8	0.7	13–25
Tuliptree	Liriodendron	OR	3	27	3	1–22	26.1	0.7	19–36
	tulipifera	PA	3	26	4	38–83	17.0	0.6	12–29
Monterey pine	Pinus radiata	CA	3	4	26	25–30	—	—	—
London plane	Platanus ×	CA	3	30	0	8–68	24.2	0.6	15–29
	acerifolia	PA	1	9	1	63–97	16.5	0.9	10–20
White oak	Quercus alba	PA	3	30	0	22–116	15.5	0.3	11–18
Oregon oak	Quercus garrγana	OR	1	10	0	21–66	31.0	0.4	30–32
Valley oak	Quercus lobata	CA	4	34	6	3–80	21.6	0.6	16–33
Pin oak	Quercus palustris	PA	3	25	5	62–135	18.5	0.5	14–25
Red oak	Quercus rubra	PA	3	27	3	37–137	16.7	0.6	9–21
Littleleaf linden	Tilia cordata	OR	3	24	6	2–14	32.2	0.7	27–38
		PA	1	7	3	10–24	21.7	1.0	19–25
American elm	Ulmus americana	OR	4	16	24	2–18	34.4	1.7	28–55
Siberian elm	Ulmus pumila	CA	3	27	13	2–15	25.1	1.3	17–42
Japanese zelkova	Zelkova serrata	PA	1	5	5	67–100	20.1	1.4	18–19

↵* Segments that broke when the lever arm was released, before a reading could be taken.