Liters of herbicide applied/hectare (ha) in 2012, native flowering plant species richness, and number of trees/ha (< 0.3 m in height) in wire zones of 14 treatment sections on State Game Lands 33 Rights-of-Way Research and Demonstration Area, Centre County, PA, USA in 2016. Dominant (> 50% of area) cover type (forb, grass, or shrub) for wire zone is also presented.
| Liters of herbicide applied/ha (2012 treatment cycle) | Number of stems of trees/haa | Native species richness of compatible flowering plant speciesb | Integrated vegetation management herbicide (H) versus mechanical (M) treatment | Herbicide application (selective [backpack spray] or nonselective [broadcast spray]) | Cover type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1482 | 7 | M (Mowing) | N/A | Shrub |
| 0 | 2718 | 9 | M (Mowing) | N/A | Forb |
| 0 | 11,613 | 11 | M (Hand cutting) | N/A | Shrub |
| 0 | 3459 | 25 | M (Hand cutting) | N/A | Shrub |
| 0.75 | 494 | 8 | H (Glyphosate, Imazapyr)c | Selective | Grass |
| 0.75 | 741 | 8 | H (Glyphosate, Imazapyr) | Selective | Forb |
| 0.75 | 494 | 6 | H (Glyphosate, Imazapyr) | Selective | Forb |
| 6.27 | 247 | 7 | H (Aminopyralid, Imazapyr, Triclopyr)d | Selective | Forb |
| 29.93 | 1729 | 15 | H (Aminopyralid, Imazapyr, Triclopyr) | Broadcast | Forb |
| 31.99 | 741 | 10 | H (Aminopyralid, Imazapyr, Triclopyr) | Broadcast | Shrub |
| 168.37 | 0 | 19 | H (Aminopyralid, Imazapyr)e | Broadcast | Forb |
| 241.33 | 494 | 10 | H (Aminopyralid, Imazapyr) | Selective | Shrub |
| 436.82 | 200 | 5 | H (Aminopyralid, Glyphosate, Imazapyr, Picloram, Triclopyr)f | Broadcast | Grass |
| 436.82 | 100 | 7 | H (Aminopyralid, Glyphosate, Imazapyr, Picloram, Triclopyr) | Broadcast | Forb |
↵aMechanical treatments versus herbicide treatments differed significantly (t = 3.10, df = 1, p = 0.009); mechanical treatments versus glyphosate herbicide treatments differed slightly (t = 2.18, df = 1, p = 0.06); mechanical treatments versus non-glyphosate herbicide treatments differed slightly (t = 2.03, df =1, p = 0.08); glyphosate versus non-glyphosate herbicide treatments did not differ (t = −0.74, df =1, p = 0.481).
↵bMechanical treatments versus herbicide treatments did not differ (t = 1.06, df = 1, p = 0.31); mechanical treatments versus glyphosate herbicide treatments differed slightly (t = 1.81, df = 1, p = 0.09); mechanical treatments versus non-glyphosate treatments did not differ (t = 0.19, df = 1, p = 0.86); glyphosate versus non-glyphosate herbicide treatments differed significantly (t = −2.44, df = 1, p = 0.04).
↵cAccord concentrate (glyphosate) 7% + Arsenal (imazapyr) 1%
↵dGarlon 3A (triclopyr) 5 pints/100 gal (2 L/380 L) + Milestone (aminopyralid) 7 oz/100 gal (210 mL/380 L) + Arsenal (imazapyr) 1%
↵eMilestone (aminopyralid) 5 oz/100 gal (150 mL/380 L) + Arsenal (imazapyr) 4 oz/100 gal (120 mL/380 L)
↵fMilestone (aminopyralid) 7 oz/100 gal (210 mL/380 L) + Rodeo (glyphosate) 1% + Arsenal (imazapyr) 1% + Tordon K (picloram) 4% + Garlon 3A (triclopyr) 5 pints/100 gal (2 L/380 L)