Table 1.

Differentiation and classification of mycoplasmalike organisms on the basis of DNA sequence analysis^a

Disease	Occurrence	Classification based on				References
		16S rDNA homology			MLO strain cluster ot Lee & Davis etal(81)
		Lee et al(63)	Schneider et al(91)	Namba (58)	MLO strain cluster ot Lee & Davis etal(81)
Aster yellows	Europe, N. America	I	I	I	Aster yellows	58, 59, 63, 91
Apricot chlorotic leaf roll (in periwinkle)	Spain	I(T)	II		Aster yellows	91, D. Gundersen, pers. comm.
Bigbud and stolbur of nightshade, pepper, tomato	Australia, Equador, Europe, USA	I	I		Aster yellows	58, 59, 63, 91
Blueberry stunt	Michigan	I				63
Chrysanthemum yellows	Italy	I			Aster yellows	4, 59, 63
Dogwood stunt (of gray dogwood)	USA	I			Aster yellows	32
Grapevine yellows	Italy	I			Aster yellows	16, 87
Molière’s disease of cherry	France		I			91
Mulberry dwarf	China, Japan, Korea			I		81
Onion yellows	Japan			I		81
Paulownia witches’-broom	China, Japan, Taiwan	I		I	Aster yellows	58, 63, 81
Peach decline	Italy		I			91
Periwinkle little leaf	USA	I			Aster yellows	58,63
Phyllody of clover,	Europe, Israel,	I	I		Aster yellows	59, 63, 91
hydrangea, safflower	North America
Plum leptonecrosis (in periwinkle)	Italy		II			91
Sandal spike	India		I			91
Tomato yellows	Japan			I		81
Virescence of columbine, Diplotaxis, evening primrose, hydrangea, larkspur, periwinkle, Plantago, primrose, rape	Germany, Peru, Thailand, USA		I			3, 4, 91
Peanut witches’-broom	Taiwan	II				63
Red bird cactus witches’-broom	Taiwan	II				63
Sweet potato witches’-broom	Taiwan	II (T)				63, D. Gundersen, pers. comm.
Almond brown line	California	III (T)				111
Blueberry witches’-broom	Germany		VI			91
Clover yellow edge	Canada	III			Peach X disease	62, 63
Flavescence dorée of grapevine	Italy, USA	III	VI		Peach X disease	87, 91
Goldenrod yellows	Eastern USA	III			Peach X disease 32
Milkweed yellows	Canada, USA	III			Peach-X disease 32
Peach yellows	North America				Peach X disease	48
Pear decline	California	III (T)				Lee et al(unpub)
Spirea stunt	New York State	III			Peach X disease	32
X-diseases of cherry, peach, prune	North America	III	VI		Peach X disease	48, 58, 62, 63, 91
Tsuwabuki witches’-broom	Japan	in (T)			II	81, D. Gundersen, pers. comm.
Walnut witches’-broom	Eastern USA	HI (T)			Peach X disease	48
Pecan bunch	Eastern USA	HI (T)			Peach X disease	48
Lethal yellowing of palms	Caribbean basin	IV				63
Alder decline	Europe		IV		Elm yellows	74, 91
Elm yellows, elm witches’-broom	Europe, North America	V	IV		Elm yellows	58, 61,63, 74, 91
Flavescence dorée of grapevine	France	V			Elm yellows	87
Rubus stunt	Germany		IV			91
Clover proliferation	Canada	VI			Clover proliferation	23, 58, 63
Potato witches’-broom	Canada	VI			Clover proliferation	23, 58, 63
Tomato bigbud, virescence of periwinkle	Western USA	VI				58, 99
Ash yellows, lilac witches’-broom	North America	VII	III		Ash yellows	20, 32, 39, 63, 91
Loofah witches’-broom	Taiwan	VIII				63
Pigeon pea witches’-broom	Florida	IX				63
Apple proliferation	Europe	X	V			63, 91
Apricot chlorotic leafroll	Italy	X				57
Decline of apricot,	Germany		V			91
flowering cherry, peach Pear decline	Italy	X				57
Plum leptonecrosis	Italy	X (T)				57
Rice yellow dwarf	Asia	XI (T)		III	Rice yellow dwarf	79, 81, D.Gundersen, pers. comm.
Bermudagrass whiteleaf	Asia		VII			91
Sugarcane whiteleaf	Asia		VII			91
Unclassified Apricot proliferation	USA					48
Black locust witches’-broom	USA, Italy					93, 98
Chestnut yellows	Japan					84, 97
Decline of European aspen and hawthorn	Europe					94
Dogwood witches’-broom	Eastern USA					90
Elder decline	Germany					55
Jujube witches’-broom	China, Korea					80
Lime witches’-broom	Persian Gulf region					29
Oak decline	Europe					30, E. Seemüller, pers. comm.
Peach rosette	USA					97
Pear decline	California, Eastern USA, Great Britain					15, 49, 77, 95
Plum proliferation, prune decline	California					48
Salix yellows (willow witches’-broom)	Italy, USA					32, 42, 93

↵a Assignments to groups and clusters are based primarily on schemes proposed by Lee and Davis (58), Lee et al. (63), and Schneider et al. (91). MLO group numbers in these schemes do not coincide. Tentative assignments are the authors’ interpretations. Many unclassified MLOs known in Asia are omitted. Dashed lines separate MLO groups and clusters that are likely to remain together as classification research continues. Some disease names appear in more than one category, because diverse MLOs have been found associated with them.