0 | 7.6 cm | 0 | 125 ± 10z | 15 ± 2 | 100 ± 8 | 79 ± 8 | 13 ± 2 | 100 ± 13 |
below grade | 7.6 | 121 ± 10 | 15 ± 2 | 100 ± 8 | 81 ± 9 | 15 ± 2 | 100 ± 14 |
15.2 | 118 ± 11 | 14 ± 2 | 100 ± 8 | 90 ± 9 | 16 ± 2 | 100 ± 14 |
22.9 | 121 ± 11 | 14 ± 2 | 100 ± 8 | 91 ± 10 | 16 ± 2 | 100 ± 15 |
At grade | 0 | 121 ± 10 | 15 ± 2 | 100 ± 8 | 89 ± 9 | 16 ± 2 | 100 ± 14 |
7.6 | 129 ± 10 | 15 ± 2 | 100 ± 8 | 88 ± 9 | 16 ± 2 | 100 ± 14 |
15.2 | 129 ± 10 | 15 ± 2 | 100 ± 8 | 90 ± 9 | 16 ± 2 | 100 ± 13 |
22.9 | 138 ± 10 | 15 ± 2 | 100 ± 8 | 85 ± 10 | 14 ± 2 | 100 ± 15 |
7.6 cm | 0 | 120 ± 11 | 15 ± 2 | 100 ± 8 | 92 ± 10 | 15 ± 2 | 100 ± 15 |
above grade | 7.6 | 131 ± 10 | 15 ± 2 | 100 ± 8 | 92 ± 9 | 16 ± 2 | 100 ± 14 |
15.2 | 128 ± 9 | 15 ± 2 | 100 ± 7 | 88 ± 8 | 16 ± 2 | 100 ± 13 |
22.9 | 128 ± 10 | 15 ± 2 | 100 ± 8 | 89 ± 9 | 16 ± 2 | 100 ± 14 |
1 | 7.4 cm | 0 | 124 ± 10 | 17 ± 2 | 100 ± 8 | 89 ± 13 | 14 ± 3 | 38 ± 13 |
below grade | 7.6 | 129 ± 10 | 19 ± 2 | 100 ± 8 | 86 ± 24 | 15 ± 6 | 14 ± 14 |
15.2 | 114 ± 12 | 15 ± 2 | 89 ± 8 | 132 ± 24 | 19 ± 6 | 14 ± 14 |
22.9 | 117 ± 11 | 16 ± 2 | 100 ± 8 | —— | —— | 0 ± 16 |
At grade | 0 | 129 ± 10 | 20 ± 2 | 100 ± 8 | 110 ± 10 | 19 ± 2 | 86 ± 14 |
7.6 | 125 ± 10 | 16 ± 2 | 90 ± 8 | 129 ± 12 | 20 ± 3 | 57 ± 14 |
15.2 | 133 ± 10 | 18 ± 2 | 100 ± 8 | 115 ± 12 | 20 ± 3 | 50 ± 13 |
22.9 | 144 ± 10 | 19 ± 2 | 100 ± 8 | 133 ± 17 | 19 ± 4 | 33 ± 15 |
7.6 cm | 0 | 135 ± 10 | 20 ± 2 | 100 ± 8 | 109 ± 10 | 19 ± 2 | 100 ± 15 |
above grade | 7.6 | 138 ± 10 | 20 ± 2 | 100 ± 8 | 107 ± 10 | 20 ± 2 | 86 ± 14 |
15.2 | 138 ± 10 | 19 ± 2 | 100 ± 8 | 96 ± 11 | 18 ± 2 | 63 ± 13 |
22.9 | 131 ± 10 | 24 ± 2 | 100 ± 8 | 67 ± 12 | 17 ± 3 | 50 ± 13 |
2 | 7.6 cm | 0 | 110 ± 10 | 19 ± 2 | 100 ± 8 | 75 ± 14 | 15 ± 3 | 38 ± 13 |
below grade | 7.6 | 138 ± 15 | 27 ± 3 | 50 ± 8 | 94 ± 24 | 17 ± 6 | 13 ± 13 |
15.2 | 126 ± 16 | 22 ± 3 | 44 ± 8 | —— | —— | 0 ± 14 |
22.9 | 117 ± 12 | 22 ± 2 | 73 ± 8 | —— | —— | 0 ± 15 |
At grade | 0 | 157 ± 10 | 29 ± 2 | 100 ± 8 | 102 ± 14 | 26 ± 3 | 43 ± 14 |
7.6 | 135 ± 12 | 25 ± 2 | 80 ± 8 | 72 ± 17 | 15 ± 4 | 33 ± 15 |
15.2 | 128 ± 11 | 24 ± 2 | 90 ± 8 | 91 ± 14 | 33 ± 3 | 38 ± 13 |
22.9 | 111 ± 11 | 24 ± 2 | 90 ± 8 | 101 ± 17 | 36 ± 4 | 33 ± 15 |
7.6 cm | 0 | 153 ± 10 | 26 ± 2 | 100 ± 8 | 57 ± 11 | 15 ± 2 | 83 ± 15 |
above grade | 7.6 | 152 ± 10 | 26 ± 2 | 100 ± 8 | 77 ± 14 | 20 ± 3 | 43 ± 14 |
15.2 | 134 ± 11 | 28 ± 2 | 90 ± 8 | 78 ± 12 | 18 ± 3 | 50 ± 13 |
22.9 | 127 ± 11 | 23 ± 2 | 100 ± 8 | 35 ± 17 | 8 ± 4 | 29 ± 14 |
3 | 7.6 cm | 0 | 146 ± 10 | 23 ± 2 | 100 ± 8 | —— | —— | —— |
below grade | 7.6 | 183 ± 16 | 34 ± 3 | 40 ± 8 | —— | —— | —— |
15.2 | 168 ± 16 | 25 ± 3 | 44 ± 8 | —— | —— | —— |
22.9 | 147 ± 12 | 24 ± 2 | 73 ± 8 | —— | —— | —— |
At grade | 0 | 192 ± 11 | 36 ± 2 | 90 ± 8 | —— | —— | —— |
7.6 | 172 ± 12 | 30 ± 2 | 80 ± 8 | —— | —— | —— |
15.2 | 150 ± 11 | 26 ± 2 | 90 ± 8 | —— | —— | —— |
22.9 | 152 ± 11 | 25 ± 2 | 90 ± 8 | —— | —— | —— |
7.6 cm | 0 | 189 ± 10 | 34 ± 2 | 100 ± 8 | —— | —— | —— |
above grade | 7.6 | 175 ± 11 | 28 ± 2 | 90 ± 8 | —— | —— | —— |
15.2 | 166 ± 11 | 31 ± 2 | 90 ± 8 | —— | —— | —— |
22.9 | 155 ± 11 | 26 ± 2 | 89 ± 8 | —— | —— | —— |
Significance of ANOVA effects Growing season | ***y | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
Planting depth | ** | ** | *** | *** | ** | *** |
Growing season × planting depth | ns | ns | *** | ** | *** | ** |
Mulch thickness | * | ns | *** | ns | ns | *** |
Growing season × mulch thickness | ns | ns | * | ns | ns | ns |
Planting depth × mulch thickness | ns | ** | ** | ns | ns | ns |
Growing season × planting depth × mulch thickness | ns | ns | ns | ns | * | ns |