Table 4.

Results of the survey of arborists, scientists, and urban foresters in Florida with their rankings for wind resistance of tropical and subtropical tree species^{^z}.

		Wind resistance
		High		Medium		Low
Scientific name	Common name	n	Percent	n	Percent	n	Percent	P Value	Total n
Dicots
Acer rubrum	Red maple	12	20	32	52	17	28	0.0049	61
Annona glabra	Pond apple	10	71	4	29	0	0	NS	14
Araucaria heterophylla	Norfolk Island pine	8	18	14	31	23	51	0.0224	45
Averrhoa carambola	Star-fruit or carambola	3	18	6	35	8	47	NS	17
Bauhinia blakeana	Hong Kong orchid	1	5	9	41	12	54	0.0122	22
Bucida buceras	Black olive	8	30	14	52	5	18	0.0538	27
Bursera simarouba	Gumbo limbo	21	64	10	30	2	6	0.0007	33
Callistemon spp.	Bottlebrush	8	21	23	61	7	18	0.0018	38
Calophyllum calaba (^{^x} in s. FL)	Brazilian beautyleaf	6	38	8	50	2	12	NS	16
Cassia fistula	Golden shower	4	18	7	32	11	50	NS	22
Ceiba (or Chorisia) speciosa	Floss-silk	4	18	12	55	6	27	0.0498	22
Chrysobalanus icaco	Cocoplum	18	78	5	22	0	0	0.0067	23
Chrysophyllum oliviforme	Satinleaf	11	61	7	39	0	0	NS	18
Citrus spp.	Citrus (e.g., lime, orange)	18	44	18	44	5	12	0.0162	41
Coccoloba diversifolia	Pigeon plum	11	58	8	42	0	0	NS	19
Coccoloba uvifera	Sea grape	18	50	12	33	6	17	0.0498	36
Conocarpus erectus	Buttonwood	11	35	17	55	3	10	0.0084	31
Cordia sebestena	Geiger tree	8	33	13	54	3	12	0.0439	24
× Cupressocyparis leylandii	Leyland cypress	7	22	13	41	12	37	NS	32
Delonix regia (^{^x} in S. FL)	Royal poinciana	2	6	20	63	10	31	0.0005	32
Enterolobium cyclocarpum	Ear tree	1	5	7	33	13	62	0.0058	21
Eriobotrya japonica (^{^x} in central and s. FL)	Loquat	9	24	24	63	5	13	0.0004	38
Eucalyptus cinerea	Silver dollar eucalyptus	2	13	9	56	5	31	NS	16
Eugenia axillaris	White stopper	7	64	3	27	1	9	NS	11
Eugenia foetida	Boxleaf, Spanish stopper	7	64	2	18	2	18	NS	11
Ficus aurea	Strangler fig	4	36	5	46	2	18	NS	11
Ficus benjamina	Weeping banyan	0	0	2	18	9	82	0.0348	11
Grevillea robusta	Silk oak	1	4	8	32	16	64	0.0012	25
Guaiacum sanctum	Lignumvitae	10	83	2	17	0	0	0.0209	12
Ilex cassine	Dahoon holly	35	76	10	22	1	2	0.0001	46
Jacaranda mimosifolia	Jacaranda, black poui	1	7	2	13	12	80	0.0006	15
Juniperus silicicola	SE redcedar	14	28	18	35	19	37	NS	51
Kigelia pinnata	Sausage tree	7	41	6	35	4	24	NS	17
Koelreuteria paniculata	Golden raintree	11	37	11	37	8	26	NS	30
Krugiodendron ferreum	Ironwood	10	77	3	23	0	0	NS	13
Lagerstroemia indica	Crapemyrtle	55	83	11	17	0	0	0.0001	66
Ligustrum japonicum	Privet	30	75	9	23	1	2	0.0001	40
Liquidambar styraciflua	Sweetgum	19	43	22	50	3	7	0.0013	44
Litchi chinensis	Lichee	8	57	5	36	1	7	NS	14
Lysiloma latisiliqua	Wild tamarind	9	50	6	33	3	17	NS	18
Magnolia grandiflora	SE magnolia	45	82	9	16	1	2	0.0001	55
Mangifera indica	Mango tree	6	20	16	53	8	27	NS	30
Peltophorum pterocarpa	Yellow poinciana	1	5	15	68	6	27	0.0010	22
Persea americana	Avocado tree	1	3	20	63	11	34	0.0002	32
Pinus clausa	Sand pine	3	7	7	16	34	77	0.0001	44
Pinus elliottii var. densa	FL slash pine	18	38	25	52	5	10	0.0016	48
Pinus palustris	Longleaf pine	23	56	13	32	5	12	0.0017	41
Podocarpus spp.	Podocarpus	24	75	7	22	1	3	0.0001	32
Prunus caroliniana	Carolina laurel cherry	5	16	15	48	11	36	NS	31
Quercus geminata	Sand live oak	36	92	2	5	1	3	0.0001	39
Quercus laurifolia	Laurel oak	3	4	27	39	39	57	0.0001	69
Quercus nigra	Water oak	3	8	14	36	22	56	0.0009	39
Quercus stellata	Post oak	5	33	10	67	0	0	NS	15
Quercus virginiana	Live oak	64	89	8	11	0	0	0.0001	72
Sideroxylon foetidissimum	Mastic tree	3	30	6	60	1	10	NS	10
Simarouba glauca	Paradise tree	5	42	5	42	2	16	NS	12
Spathodea campanulata	African tuliptree	0	0	6	38	10	62	NS	16
Swietenia mahagoni	West Indian mahogany	2	9	13	56	8	35	NS	23
Tabebuia aurea	Silver trumpet	0	0	4	33	8	67	NS	12
Tabebuia chrysotricha	Golden trumpet	2	7	5	18	21	75	0.0001	28
Tabebuia heterophylla	Pink trumpet, white cedar	0	0	6	55	5	45	NS	11
Tabebuia impetiginosa	Purple tabebuia, ipe	3	12	12	50	9	38	NS	24
Tecoma stans	Yellow elder	0	0	8	73	3	27	NS	11
Terminalia catappa (^{^x} in south FL)	Tropical almond	3	20	8	53	4	27	NS	15
Taxodium distichum	Baldcypress	59	91	6	9	0	0	0.0001	65
Taxodium ascendens	Pond cypress	41	91	4	9	0	0	0.0001	45
Palms
Butia capitata	Pindo	34	79	7	16	2	5	0.0001	43
Caryota mitis	Fishtail	8	38	6	29	7	33	NS	21
Chrysalidocarpus lutescens	Areca	19	63	11	37	0	0	NS	30
Coccothrinax argentata	FL silver, silver thatch	21	95	1	5	0	0	0.0001	22
Cocos nucífera	Coconut	22	63	13	37	0	0	NS	35
Hyophorbe lagenicaulis	Bottle	13	81	3	19	0	0	0.0124	16
Hyophorbe verschaffeltii	Spindle	11	79	2	14	1	7	0.0015	14
Latania loddigesii	Blue latan	8	67	3	25	1	8	0.0388	12
Livistona chinensis (^{^x} in central and south FL)	Chinese fan	29	71	9	22	3	7	0.0001	41
Neodypsis decaryi	Triangle	14	58	6	25	4	17	0.0302	24
Phoenix canariensis	Canary Island date	49	89	4	7	2	4	0.0001	55
Phoenix dactylifera	Date	33	94	2	6	0	0	0.0001	35
Phoenix reclinata (^{^y} in south FL)	Senegal date	29	85	5	15	0	0	0.0001	34
Phoenix roebelenii	Pygmy date	40	98	1	2	0	0	0.0001	41
Ptychosperma elegans	Alexander, solitary	16	73	6	27	0	0	0.0330	22
Roystonea elata	Florida royal	19	56	10	29	5	15	0.0118	34
Roystonea regia	Cuban royal	17	61	10	36	1	4	0.0010	28
Sabal palmetto	Cabbage	71	99	1	1	0	0	0.0001	72
Syagrus romanzoffiana	Queen	5	10	17	33	29	57	0.0002	51
Thrinax morrisii	Key thatch	13	87	2	13	0	0	0.0045	15
Thrinax radiata	Florida thatch	17	89	2	11	0	0	0.0006	19
Veitchia merrillii	Manila, Christmas	13	81	3	19	0	0	0.0124	16
Washingtonia robusta	Washington fan	29	54	16	30	9	17	0.0033	54

↵^zn is the number of respondents for each species out of a total of 85 experts. P values from the χ² test for equal proportions indicate the significance level for one or more of the categories being different from the others; NS means that there is no significant difference between the categories of high, medium, and low (P > 0.05).
↵^yInvasive and not recommended for use in Florida.
↵^xCaution: may be used but manage to prevent escape in Florida (Fox et al. 2005).