Table 2.

Force to failure by direction for each tree stabilization system.

Stabilization system (direction)	Mean force^{^z} (kg [lb])	CV^{^y} (σ/μ)
Brooks Tree Brace^® (2)	261.5 (575.3) a^{^x}	0.28
Terra Toggle™ (1)	247.5 (544.5) ab	0.15
Terra Toggle™ (2)	225.4 (495.9) ab	0.24
2 × 2’s (1)	212.6 (467.8) ab	0.27
Rebar and ArborTie^® (2)	193.7 (426.2) abc	0.43
Brooks Tree Brace^® (1)	164.7 (362.4) abcd	0.12
Duckbill^® (2)	159.0 (349.8) abcd	0.22
2 × 2’s (2)	150.1 (330.2) bcde	0.52
Duckbill^® (1)	101.2 (222.6) cdef	0.20
ArborBrace^® (1)	99.9 (219.8) cdef	0.18
ArborBrace^® (2)	99.5 (218.9) cdef	0.48
Rebar and ArborTie^® (1)	94.2 (207.2) cdef	0.14
Tree Staple™ (2)	86.3 (189.9) def	0.28
Wood dowels (1)	62.0 (136.3) def	0.12
Wood dowels (2)	61.1 (134.4) ef	0.34
T-stakes (2)	50.5 (111.1) f	0.18
T-stakes (1)	50.4 (110.9) f	0.19
Tree Staple™ (1)	48.1 (105.9) f	0.13
Control	29.6 (65.1) f	0.22

↵^zAverage of one pulling direction (n = 5), except the control (n = 10).
↵^yCoefficient of variation: standard deviation/mean.
↵^xMeans with the same letter are not significantly different (P ≤ 0.05, Duncan’s multiple range test).