Table 2.

Invasive nonnative plants of concern and their mode of dispersal at Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge. Species are listed alphabetically by Latin name followed by the common name. Mode of Dispersal: B-Birds; M-Mammals; S-Soil; W-Wind; Wa-Water.

Ailanthus altissimatree of heavenW
Alliaria petiolatagarlic mustardBS
Ampelopsis brevipedunculataporcelain berryB
Artemisia vulgarismugwortW
Celastrus orbiculatusOriental bittersweetBM
Centaurea biebersteinii (maculosa)spotted knapweedBS
Chamaesyce (Euphorbia) cyparissiascypress spurgeBS
Coronilla variacrown vetchBSWa
Elaeagnus umbellata and E. angustifoliaRussian and autumn olivesBM
Lonicera japonicaJapanese honeysuckleB
Lythrum salicariapurple loosestrifeBSWa
Phragmites australistall reed, common reedBSWWa
Polygonum cuspidatum (Fallopia japonica)Japanese knotweedBSWa
Rhamnus frangulabuckthornBM
Rosa multifloramultiflora roseB