Table 4.

Mean, standard errors of the means, and Tukey’s HSD post hoc tests for soil properties by treatment. Abbreviations: gravimetric soil moisture = GSM, water aggregate stability = WAS, electrical conductivity = EC, cation exchange capacity = CEC, calcium = Ca, magnesium = Mg, sodium = Na, potassium = K, phosphorus = P, nitrogen = N, carbon = C, soil organic matter = SOM, dissolved organic carbon = DOC, particulate organic matter = POM, microbial biomass carbon = MBC, respiration = RES, metabolic quotient = qCO₂, soil quality index = SQI, null = N, tillage = T, fertilization + tillage = FT, biochar + tillage = BT, and biochar + fertilization + tillage = BFT.

Property	N		T		FT		BT		BFT
Property	Mean	SE	Mean	SE	Mean	SE	Mean	SE	Mean	SE
GSM	17.2	0.9	16.2	0.8	16.3	0.5	17.3	0.7	16.5	0.5
WAS	59.6	2.4	60.0	1.8	61.7	2.1	55.5	2.2	61.5	2.2
pH	7.69	0.10	7.72	0.09	7.72	0.10	7.74	0.09	7.62	0.09
EC	201.7	22.8	200.9	26.7	200.9	13.2	241.4	41.4	223.2	30.4
CEC	24.8	1.1	24.4	0.8	24.9	1.4	23.7	0.6	23.1	0.3
Ca	3337	216	3286	147	3252	225	3160	135	3019	72
Mg	669	24	681	28	710	43	654	25	674	25
Na	499	93	436	74	534	80	478	75	464	77
K	179	4	166	4	172	3	167	5	178	6
P	13.0	0.9	13.0	1.1	15.4	2.1	14.8	1.7	13.6	0.9
N	0.168	0.009	0.157	0.007	0.173	0.009	0.161	0.009	0.181	0.009
C	3.49	0.18	3.42	0.14	3.43	0.16	3.74	0.15	3.88	0.19
C/N	22.2	0.9	23.1	1.0	21.2	0.9	24.8	0.9	23.0	1.2
SOM^*	5.63ab^**	0.16	5.29b	0.16	5.49ab	0.14	5.84ab	0.15	6.00a	0.13
DOC	52.7	1.6	54.2	1.6	54.0	1.8	52.7	1.2	53.8	1.7
POM^*	7.53ab	0.90	7.23b	0.65	7.89ab	0.77	9.61ab	0.64	9.73a	0.72
MBC	219	14	204	11	196	12	188	11	216	13
RES	126	10	120	10	113	8	124	13	113	8
qCO₂	0.0261	0.0020	0.0249	0.0015	0.0369	0.0120	0.0284	0.0025	0.0236	0.0015
SQI^*	64.9ab	2.2	60.8b	2.2	64.1ab	2.2	63.6ab	2.3	70.2a	2.3

↵*Significant (P ≤ 0.05) difference with the post-hoc test.
↵**Letters represent means separation by Tukey’s Honest Significant Difference test.