The Morton Arboretum | Arboretum Estates | Stone-bridge | River Oaks | Baker Hill | CV | R2 | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical parameters | ||||||||
Structure type | 1.92ab | 2.20a | 2.08a | 1.70ab | 1.29b | 43.9 | 0.21 | 0.0008 |
Structure gradey | 1.83 | 2.00 | 2.02 | 2.00 | 1.72 | 31.5 | 0.05 | 0.3977 |
Structure sizey | 1.58a | 0.70b | 1.48a | 1.20ab | 0.72b | 72.9 | 0.22 | 0.0007 |
Value | 3.71ab | 3.33b | 3.70ab | 4.00a | 3.84a | 11.5 | 0.17 | 0.0044 |
Chroma | 1.54a | 1.00b | 1.15b | 1.55a | 1.45a | 28.7 | 0.27 | <0.0001 |
Redox (%)y | 19.25ab | 3.00b | 24.08a | 26.00a | 13.19ab | 105.6 | 0.16 | 0.0092 |
Root restriction depth (cm) | 35.00a | 36.54a | 22.76b | 17.53b | 20.70b | 36.3 | 0.55 | <0.0001 |
Penetration resistance (kPa) | 1813.02ab | 1083.82b | 1421.06b | 2174.74a | 2072.87a | 42.9 | 0.26 | <0.0001 |
Sand (%) | 18.00a | 11.59c | 10.96c | 13.22bc | 15.05b | 27.6 | 0.43 | <0.0001 |
Silt (%) | 37.51a | 24.66bc | 38.07a | 33.17ab | 20.81c | 35.4 | 0.52 | <0.0001 |
Clay (%) | 44.49c | 63.75a | 50.98bc | 53.61b | 64.14a | 18.6 | 0.52 | <0.0001 |
WAS (%) | 83.84a | 84.30a | 71.95b | 68.14b | 71.25b | 14.6 | 0.29 | 0.0002 |
ρb (Mg m−3) | 1.11b | 1.05b | 1.18b | 1.10b | 1.32a | 13.1 | 0.40 | <0.0001 |
Infiltration rate (mm hr−1)y | 2.88a | 1.14b | 1.37b | 1.42b | 1.32b | 66.4 | 0.29 | <0.0001 |
Gravimetric soil moisture (%) | 21.35c | 31.30a | 24.89b | 16.35d | 20.53c | 23.3 | 0.61 | <0.0001 |
Volumetric water content (%) | 30.58b | 51.35a | 47.29a | 32.40b | 44.76a | 26.4 | 0.39 | <0.0001 |
Temperature (°C)y | 16.9d | 17.0d | 23.0b | 19.9c | 24.5a | 73.6 | 0.74 | <0.0001 |
Chemical parameters | ||||||||
pH | 7.11d | 7.78c | 8.03b | 8.12ab | 8.23a | 5.4 | 0.75 | <0.0001 |
EC (dS m−1) | 69.56c | 113.76b | 139.38b | 125.52b | 161.28a | 30.3 | 0.57 | <0.0001 |
Ca (mg kg−1) | 866.45b | 1226.95a | 1122.34a | 1145.84a | 1190.42a | 15.1 | 0.43 | <0.0001 |
Mg (mg kg−1) | 641.03c | 753.68ab | 797.62a | 751.10ab | 670.84bc | 14.7 | 0.33 | <0.0001 |
K (mg kg−1) | 196.45a | 199.28a | 172.79ab | 140.016bc | 131.63c | 27.8 | 0.36 | 0.0002 |
Na (mg kg−1)y | 10.08c | 64.41abc | 99.56ab | 58.57bc | 123.52a | 81.8 | 0.31 | <0.0001 |
eCEC (cmol(+) kg−1) | 10.15b | 13.13a | 13.05a | 12.52a | 12.35a | 11.2 | 0.48 | <0.0001 |
Sodium absorption ratioy | 0.06c | 0.36bc | 0.56ab | 0.33bc | 0.71a | 83.1 | 0.30 | <0.0001 |
P (mg kg−1)y | 18.11a | 10.55ab | 9.95b | 8.91ab | 7.18b | 84.5 | 0.17 | 0.0107 |
NH4+ (mg kg−1) | 1.89b | 4.30a | 3.82a | 3.17ab | 4.64a | 52.8 | 0.21 | 0.0009 |
NO3− (mg kg−1)y | 19.20 | 12.12 | 14.09 | 17.46 | 12.94 | 50.6 | 0.11 | 0.0637 |
Inorg. N (mg NH4+/NO3− kg−1)y | 21.09a | 16.42b | 17.91b | 20.62ab | 17.58b | 41.1 | 0.04 | 0.4882 |
DON (mg kg-1) | 29.58a | 24.90ab | 19.43b | 31.56a | 19.68b | 43.9 | 0.22 | 0.0004 |
N (%) | 0.33a | 0.31a | 0.25b | 0.24bc | 0.19c | 25.9 | 0.56 | <0.0001 |
C (%) | 3.85a | 3.98a | 3.60ab | 3.97a | 3.19b | 17.5 | 0.25 | 0.0001 |
SOM (%) | 7.55a | 7.59a | 6.22b | 5.85bc | 5.07c | 20.4 | 0.59 | <0.0001 |
C/N | 11.62d | 13.36cd | 14.52bc | 16.55ab | 16.76a | 19.2 | 0.41 | <0.0001 |
Biological parameters | ||||||||
Litter OM (g kg−1)y | 0.62 | 1.19 | 1.40 | 0.69 | 1.13 | 101.90 | 0.07 | 0.1183 |
Coarse POM (g kg−1)y | 3.03 | 3.15 | 3.21 | 2.68 | 2.84 | 34.3 | 0.04 | 0.5414 |
Fine POM (g kg−1) | 6.13a | 5.67a | 5.83a | 6.00a | 3.95b | 31.2 | 0.32 | <0.0001 |
Total POM (g kg−1) | 9.16a | 8.82ab | 9.04a | 8.69ab | 6.79b | 29.3 | 0.18 | 0.0053 |
RES (mg CO2 kg−1 d−1) | 87.70ab | 60.65b | 100.20ab | 123.47a | 77.13ab | 54.3 | 0.14 | 0.0014 |
MBN (mg kg−1) | 152.74ab | 167.11ab | 190.72a | 175.40a | 132.31b | 27.9 | 0.28 | <0.0001 |
N min. (mg NH4+/NO3− kg−1 d−1) | 2.40ab | 1.63c | 2.32ab | 2.56a | 1.92bc | 40.0 | 0.12 | 0.0027 |
qCO2 | 3.21ab | 1.92b | 2.81ab | 3.82a | 3.15a | 55.9 | 0.09 | 0.0083 |
MBC/TOC | 3.18b | 3.37b | 4.25a | 3.69ab | 3.38b | 26.7 | 0.18 | 0.0006 |
EW (# 0.0125 m−3)y | 2.17ab | 2.60a | 0.80bc | 0.00c | 0.52c | 180.6 | 0.21 | 0.0009 |
EW biomass (mg 0.0125 m−3)y | 131.92a | 118.22ab | 39.80bc | 0.00c | 61.94abc | 187.7 | 0.11 | 0.0448 |
Fine roots (# cm−2) | 1.33b | 1.48ab | 1.39b | 1.30b | 1.94a | 49.8 | 0.12 | 0.0374 |
Coarse roots (# cm−2)y | 3.08 | 3.14 | 3.20 | 2.60 | 2.74 | 69.4 | 0.01 | 0.9028 |
Total roots (# cm−2)y | 4.42 | 4.62 | 4.59 | 3.90 | 4.68 | 49.6 | 0.01 | 0.9179 |
↵zValues within rows not followed by the same letter are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level using Tukey’s HSD test.
↵yParameters that were highly variable (CV > 60%) and not significantly affected by location (P > 0.05) were dropped from further consideration in principal component analyses.
↵xWet-aggregate stability (WAS), bulk density (ρb), electrical conductivity (EC), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na), effective cation exchange capacity (eCEC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Olsen phosphorus (P), ammonia (NH4+), nitrate (NO3−), dissolved organic N (DON), nitrogen (N), carbon (C), soil organic matter (SOM), particulate organic matter (POM), microbial respiration (RES), microbial biomass N (MBN), N mineralization (Nmin), metabolic quotient (qCO2) in 10−3, and microbial biomass C / total organic C (MBC/TOC) in 10−2 and earthworms (EW).