Mean (+se) basal area, dominance (relative basal area), species diversity, and canopy characteristics of urban trees by land use and presettlement categories. ANOVA tests represent probabilities that means are not equal. Interactions are probabilities that land use and presettlement vegetation are independent factors. Basal area is square meters/ha; canopy depth and height are in meters; Variance refers to variance to mean ratios, which were square-root transformed prior to analysis. An asterisk (*) denotes effect significant at P < 0.05 level.
| Land use | ANOVA | Presettlement | ANOVA | Interaction | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agriculture | Developed | Park | Residential | F-stat. | Probability | Prairie | Timber | F-stat. | Probability | F-stat. | Probability | |
| Basal Area | ||||||||||||
| Oak | 4.87 (2.6) | 0.70 (0.5) | 5.43 (1.2) | 2.18 (0.4) | 6.36 | <0.001* | 0.75 (0.3) | 5.52 (0.9) | 25.06 | <0.001* | 1.39 | 0.244 |
| Native non-oak | 4.38 (1.3) | 4.84 (1.3) | 8.37 (1.0) | 4.91 (0.4) | 6.63 | <0.001* | 4.43 (0.5) | 7.31 (0.7) | 3.42 | 0.065 | 1.80 | 0.145 |
| Non-native | 6.12 (1.3) | 2.90 (0.6) | 3.96 (0.7) | 2.99 (0.2) | 6.63 | <0.001* | 3.45 (0.3) | 2.93 (0.3) | 0.21 | 0.645 | 2.82 | 0.038* |
| Dominance | ||||||||||||
| Oak | 12.19 (4.7) | 3.82 (2.2) | 22.47 (3.9) | 7.86 (1.3) | 8.38 | <0.001* | 4.80 (1.1) | 17.64 (2.2) | 8.89 | 0.003* | 1.12 | 0.342 |
| Native non-oak | 33.95 (6.3) | 39.90 (4.8) | 50.55 (4.2) | 43.01 (2.3) | 1.26 | 0.289 | 40.55 (2.3) | 50.33 (2.8) | 0.61 | 0.436 | 1.72 | 0.163 |
| Non-native | 53.87 (6.5) | 56.28 (4.9) | 26.98 (3.8) | 49.13 (2.4 | 5.40 | 0.001* | 54.65 (2.3) | 31.55 (2.6) | 5.38 | 0.021* | 1.88 | 0.132 |
| Species richness | ||||||||||||
| Total richness | 3.75 (0.5) | 2.81 (0.3) | 4.30 (0.3) | 3.01 (0.1) | 4.98 | 0.002* | 2.90 (0.1) | 3.90 (0.2) | 4.85 | 0.028* | 3.26 | 0.021* |
| Percent native | 43.32 (5.8) | 40.21 (4.3) | 64.23 (3.4) | 42.39 (2.1) | 5.24 | 0.002* | 40.42 (2.0) | 57.35 (2.4) | 4.18 | 0.042* | 1.46 | 0.225 |
| Native:Alien | 0.87 (0.2) | 0.72 (0.1) | 1.74 (0.2) | 0.83 (0.1) | 2.25 | 0.083 | 0.66 (0.1) | 1.52 (0.1) | 12.01 | 0.001* | 0.77 | 0.515 |
| Canopy Structure | ||||||||||||
| Canopy Depth | 12.37 (1.0) | 9.47 (0.8) | 15.65 (0.8) | 12.63 (0.4) | 8.35 | <0.001* | 11.09 (0.3) | 15.04 (0.5) | 8.85 | 0.003* | 1.23 | 0.3 |
| Can. Vol. Variance | 112.33 (17.6) | 69.19 (10.1) | 141.44 (12.3) | 122.29 (7.0) | 3.60 | 0.014* | 99.56 (119.8) | 137.39 (8.4) | 4.30 | 0.039* | 0.09 | 0.967 |
| Max. height | 13.08 (1.1) | 10.58 (0.8) | 16.73 (0.8) | 13.73 (0.4) | 8.37 | <0.001* | 12.21 (0.4) | 16.08 (0.5) | 8.34 | 0.004* | 1.42 | 0.236 |
| Can. height Variance | 1.89 (0.2) | 1.32 (0.1) | 2.19 (0.1) | 1.81 (0.1) | 4.00 | 0.008* | 1.62 (0.1) | 2.01 (0.1) | 0.94 | 0.332 | 0.19 | 0.905 |
| Tree cover (%) | 53.92 (4.8) | 31.28 (3.9) | 60.80 (3.9) | 38.57 (1.7) | 14.27 | <0.001* | 34.44 (1.6) | 54.13 (2.4) | 15.90 | <0.001* | 2.86 | 0.037* |
| Shrub cover (%) | 15.28 (3.5) | 9.67 (2.2) | 25.27 (3.7) | 9.18 (0.9) | 7.62 | <0.001* | 9.09 (1.0) | 16.73 (1.8) | 3.91 | 0.049* | 1.51 | 0.211 |