Treatment | Stem electrolyte leakage (%) (n = 10) | Chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) (I. aquifolium, Q. ilex, n = 45) (B. pendula, n = 30) | RGP (number of roots ≥ 1 cm) (n = 15) | Height increment (mm) (n = 15) | Survival % (n = 15) | Foliar damage (n = 15) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Birch | ||||||
Control (6°C) | 2.16 a* | 0.681 e | 10.13 d | 182.13 e | 100 a | 2.4 a |
0oC | 2.26 a | 0.678 e | 10.67 d | 189.93 e | 100 a | 2.8 a |
−2°C | 3.80 b | 0.614 d | 8.67 c | 167.53 d | 100 a | 5.5 b |
−4°C | 4.47 b | 0.605 d | 9.25 cd | 147.21 c | 93 a | 5.9 b |
−6°C | 6.28 c | 0.549 c | 6.60 b | 128.58 b | 80 b | 17.3 c |
−8°C | 13.95 d | 0.520 b | 5.68 b | 120.73 b | 73 b | 22.5 d |
−10°C | 18.07 e | 0.255 a | 2.13 a | 81.71 a | 47 c | 47.4 e |
Holly | ||||||
Control (6°C) | 2.34 a | 0.790 f | 7.07 de | 73.23 ef | 100 a | 4.1 a |
0°C | 2.30 a | 0.788 f | 7.46 e | 77.7 f | 100 a | 4.6 a |
−2°C | 3.23 a | 0.726 e | 6.86 de | 68.51 de | 100 a | 6.3 a |
−4°C | 4.82 a | 0.664 d | 6.20 d | 65.45 d | 100 a | 10.7 b |
−6°C | 5.21 a | 0.642 c | 4.87 c | 56.61 c | 80 b | 21.3 c |
−8°C | 37.57 b | 0.218 b | 3.13 b | 43.07 b | 67 b | 55.5 d |
−10°C | 54.08 c | 0.070 a | 1.60 a | 10.84 a | 6.7 c | 86.4 e |
Evergreen oak | ||||||
Control (6°C) | 2.79 a | 0.795 f | 4.27 e | 83.84 e f | 100 a | 6.6 a |
0°C | 2.97 a | 0.795 f | 4.13 e | 87.67 f | 100 a | 6.1 a |
−2°C | 3.82 a | 0.679 e | 3.06 d | 79.87 e | 100 a | 7.9 a |
−4°C | 4.49 a | 0.657 d | 2.80 cd | 66.14 d | 93 a | 7.5 a |
−6°C | 16.33 b | 0.468 c | 1.80 b | 54.28 c | 67 b | 23.0 b |
−8°C | 30.56 c | 0.269 b | 1.87 b c | 33.17 b | 40 c | 51.3 c |
−10°C | 36.47 d | 0.116 a | 0.67 a | 12.43 a | 27 d | 86.7 d |
↵* Means followed by a superscripted letter differ significantly from controls (P < 0.05) based on Dunnett’s or Dunn’s test.