Table 4.

Managing urban greenspaces to enhance native community biodiversity.

Goal	Activity	References
Reduce invasive plant species	* Plant alternative resources before removing invasives with food or nesting value * Remove invasives favored for nesting during the winter * Remove invasives favored for food only when ample alternatives present	Eliasaro et al. 2009; Kath et al. 2009; Gleditsch and Carlo 2011; Adhikari et al. 2012a;
Increase tree and shrub species diversity	* Plant native as well as non-invasive introduced species	Santamour 1978
Maintain a vertically diverse assemblage of vegetation	* Plant more ground and shrub vegetation for bird habitat * Plant trees in groups rather than as isolates * Retain deadwood and other nesting structures in place when possible	Oneal and Rotenberry 2008; Suarez-Rubio and Thomlinson 2009; Adhikari et al. 2012b
Improve tree size distribution	* Protect middle-aged trees to ensure longevity * Retain old, large trees * Use small “urban” tree species sparingly	Marzluff and Ewing 2001; Landmann 2006; Nagendra and Gopal 2011; Adhikari et al. 2012b
Enhance ecosystem edges	* Increase diversity of plants in edge habitats * Reduce management of edges (e.g., no mowing, pesticide application, etc.)	Marzluff and Ewing 2001; Stewart et al. 2004; Roberts et al. 2007; Shwartz et al. 2008; Vallet et al. 2010
Reduce predation on native animal species	* Reduce managed, open lawns	Marzluff and Ewing 2001
Improve soil habitat for insects, reptiles, and mammals	* Reduce soil compaction with organic mulch	Garden et al. 2007