Types of costs in urban forests.
Type of cost | Examples |
---|---|
Direct costs (of provisioning and maintaining trees) | Planting, pruning, watering, other types of maintenance |
Infrastructure interference costs | Pavement and sewer repair, blockage of signs, tree-initiated power outages |
Externality-related costs | Emissions of biogenic VOCs, release of carbon dioxide during decomposition, allergies due to pollen release, leaf/debris clean-up |
Opportunity costs | Space for trees cannot be used for parking, bike lanes, etc. |