Table 1.

Model development trees that survived and died during 2009–2012 in Huron-Clinton Metroparks, Michigan, and 2011–2014 in City of Fort Wayne Parks, Indiana.

Development tree	Count	DBH	Crown dieback	Bark roughness	Vigor	With signs/symptoms
Live	77	16.5 (1.3)	10.5 (1.6)	2	1	43 (55.8)
Dead	69	26.3 (2.3)	37.8 (3.4)	2	2	62 (89.9)
Test^{^z}		−3.9	−7.41	12.41	60.43	20.84
P-value		<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001

↵^z Mean comparison with Student’s t-test for means (DBH, crown dieback = 1-tailed); Mood’s median test for bark roughness and vigor; and χ² test for signs/symptoms.