Research indicators and affecting items that have been considered in the questionnaires.
| Indicators | Items | Labels | References | Benefits | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perceptual | Positive stimulation of the sense of sight (natural forms and elements in landscape or natural attractions) | PCP1 & PCP2 | Velarde et al. 2007; Grinde and Patil 2009; Cameron et al. 2020; Kolokotsa et al. 2020; Russo and Andreucci 2023 | Psychological well-being: decrease depression, dejection, anger, aggression, frustration, hostility, and stress, and increase creativity, happiness, calmness, comfort, refreshment, vitality, and vigor | Kaplan and Kaplan 1989a, 1989b; Morita et al. 2007; Sugiyama et al. 2008; Nisbet et al. 2011; Kamitsis and Francis 2013; MacKerron and Mourato 2013; Lee et al. 2014; Tyrväinen et al. 2014 |
| Positive stimulation of the sense of smell (aromatic plant species) | PCP3 & PCP4 | Arslan et al. 2018; Jiang et al. 2021 | |||
| Positive stimulation of the sense of hearing (sound-scape: the rustling of leaves, the sound of birds and water) | PCP5 & PCP6 | Gascon et al. 2017; White et al. 2020 | |||
| Sense of security and surveillance (proper lighting at night) | PCP7 & PCP8 | Karimi et al. 2022; Kimic and Polko 2022 | |||
| Sense of belonging to a place (use of native plants and local symbols) | PCP9 & PCP10 | Horwitz et al. 2001; Hausmann et al. 2016 | |||
| Visual | Biodiversity (diversity of plants and animals) | VIS1 & VIS2 | Sandifer et al. 2015; Marselle et al. 2019; Cameron et al. 2020; Marselle et al. 2021 | ||
| Lighting quality (continuous and regular lighting) | VIS3 & VIS4 | Bahriny and Bell 2020; Karimi et al. 2022; Kimic and Polko 2022 | |||
| Legibility and continuity of space (legible and attractive space without confusion) | VIS5 & VIS6 | Sullivan and Chang 2011; Razmara et al. 2021; Azizkhani 2022 | |||
| Variety of plants (diversity and attractiveness in the color and form of different plants) | VIS7 & VIS8 | Muratet et al. 2015; Southon et al. 2018; Wood et al. 2018 | |||
| Functional | Platform for social interactions (existence of gathering places for social interactions) | FNC1 & FNC2 | Jennings and Bamkole 2019; Enssle and Kabisch 2020 | Reduced blood pressure and cortisol levels; reduced stress/less stress-related illness/improved physiological functioning; reduced pulse/heart rate; reduced obesity | Moore et al. 1982; Thompson et al. 2012; Loreau and de Mazancourt 2013; Tsunetsugu et al. 2013; Astell-Burt et al. 2014; Lee et al. 2014; Song et al. 2014 |
| Physical activity (platforms for sports activities and walking) | FNC3 & FNC4 | Guite et al. 2006; Liu et al. 2017; Han and Hyun 2019; Kolokotsa et al. 2020; Coventry et al. 2021 | |||
| Justice of age groups (facilities and entertainment for all age groups) | FNC5 & FNC6 | Steigen et al. 2018; Kolokotsa et al. 2020 | |||
| Gender justice (accessible and usable green space for all groups of people) | FNC7 & FNC8 | Li et al. 2020; Kato-Huerta and Geneletti 2022; Sillman et al. 2022; Rahimi et al. 2023 |