Table 1.

Some name changes adopted or proposed for pathogens of trees and shrubs.

Tree and Disease	Name of Pathogen	Former Names	Notes
Angiosperms. Canker, dieback	Botryosphaeria obtusa	Physalospora obtusa	Reclassified (73).
	Botryosphaeria rhodina, conidial state Lasiodiplodia theobromae	Physalospora rhodina, conidial state Botryodiplodia theobromae, Diplodia natalensis	Reclassified (8, 79).
Angiosperms. Cankerrot	Cerrena unicolor	Daedalea unicolor	The genera of polypore fungi have been revised (33, 71).
	Inonotus glomeratus	Polyporus glomeratus	Reclassified (33, 71).
	Irpex lacteus	Irpex tulipiferae, Polyporus tulipiferae	Reclassified (33, 71).
	Trametes versicolor	Coriolus versicolor	Reclassified (33, 71).
Angiosperms. Leaf	Cristulariella moricola	Cristulariella pyramidalis	The older epithet moricola has priority (67). spot, leaf blight sexual state, Grovesinia pyramidalis, has formed in culture but has not been detected in the field in North America (16).
Angiosperms. Mistletoe	Phoradendron serotinum in the East,P. coryae, P.macrophyllum, P. tomentosum, and P. villosum in the Southwest and West	Phoradendron flavescens	P. flavescens was a species complex (87).
Angiosperms. Powdery mildew	Microsphaera spp.	Microsphaera penicillata	The older epithet penicillata has priority over M. alni, but M. penicillata has been divided into many host-specialized species. M. penicillata in the new narrow sense occurs only on alder (13).
	Phyllactinia guttata	Phyllactinia corylea	the older epithet guttata has priority (63).
Angiosperms. Root and butt rot	Ganoderma applanatum	Fomes applanatus	The genera of polypore fungi were revised (33, 71).
	Ganoderma lucidum	Ganoderma curtisii, Polyporus curtisii, P. lucidus	Reclassified. G. curtisii is now considered to be synonymous with G. lucidum (33).
	Hypoxylon deustum	Ustulina deusta, U. vulgaris	Some specialists prefer to classify this fungus in Ustulina (36). The older epithet deusta, or deustum if in Hypoxylon, has priority (52).
	Oxyporus latemarginatus	Poria latemarginata, Poria ambigua	The genera of polypore fungi were reclassified (33). The earlier epithet latemarginatus has priority (24).
Angiosperms. Trunk rot	Phellinus gilvus	Polyporus gilvus	The genera of polypore fungi have been revised (33, 71).
	Phellinus igniarius	Fomes igniarius	Reclassified (33, 71).
Angiosperms and gymnosperms. Canker and dieback	Botryosphaeria dothidea	Botryosphaeria ribis	B. dothidea and B. ribis are perhaps distinct species, but if not, the epithet dothidea has priority (8, 9). North American workers favor the one-species concept.
Angiosperms and gymnosperms. Root rot	Armillaria spp. such as A. bulbosa, A. mellea, and A. obscura, (syn. A. ostoyae)	Armillaria mellea	A. mellea in the old sense is a complex of species that are still being identified and named. They differ in host preferences, distribution, and virulence (1, 57, 60, 70, 85, 86).
	Armillaria tabescens	Clitocybe tabescens	Reclassified (86).
	Phymatotrichopsis omnivora	Phymatotrichum omnivorum	Phymatotrichum was synonymized with Botrytis, and a new genus, Phymatotrichopsis, was created for the distinctive southwestern pathogen (39).
	Scytinostroma galactina	Corticium galactinum	Reclassified (23).
Angiosperms and gymnosperms. Trunk rot	Fomitopsis pinicola	Fomes pinicola	The genera of polypore fungi have been revised (33, 71).
	Laetiporus sulfureus	Polyporus sulfureus	Reclassified (33, 71).
Angiosperms and gymnosperms. Trunk rot, silverleaf of fruit trees	Chondrostereum purpurem	Stereum purpureum	Reclassified (64).
Gymnosperms. Black stain root disease	Leptographium wageneri var. wageneri	Verticicladiella wageneri var. wageneri	Verticicladiella has been reduced to synonymy with Leptographium (89). L. wageneri var.wageneri does not have a known sexual state (35).
	Ophiostoma wageneri, conidial state Leptographium wageneri var. ponderosa	Ceratocystis wageneri, conidial state Verticicladiella wageneri var. ponderosa	Many species of Ceratocystis have been proposed for transfer to Ophiostoma, but mycologists are not agreed that this should be done (34, 83). Verticicladiella has been reduced to synonymy with Leptographium (89).
Gymnosperms. Canker	Leucostoma kunzei, conidial state Leucocytospora kunzei	Valsa kunzei, conidial state Cytospora kunzei	The genus Valsa was redefined, and several well known species were placed in Leucostoma (46). These changes have been widely adopted, but the proposed genus Leucocytospora for the conidial states of Leucostoma spp. has not found favor.
	Ascocalyx abietina	Gremmeniella abietina, Scleroderris lagerbergii	S. lagerbergii was reclassified in the new genus Gremmeniella, which subsequently was synonymized with Ascocalyx. The older epithet abietina has priority (59).
Gymnosperms. Dwarf mistletoe	Arceuthobium spp., including A. abietinum, A. apachecum, A. blumeri, A. californicum, A. campylopodum, A. cyanocarpum, A. divaricatum, A. laricis, A. microcarpum, and A. tsugense	Arceuthobium campylopodum	A. campylopodum in the old broad sense was a complex of host-specialized forms. All have been raised to the species level (37).
Gymnosperms. Pine wood nematode	Bursaphelenchus xylophilus	Bursaphelenchus lignicolus	The older epithet xylophilus has priority (61).
Gymnosperms. Root rot	Heterobasidion annosum	Fomes annosus	The genera of polypore fungi have been revised (33, 71).
	Inonotus circinatus	Polyporus circinatus	Reclassified (33).
	Inonootus tomentosus	P. tomentosus	Reclassified (33).
	Phaeolus schweinitzii	Polyporus schweinitzii	Reclassified (33, 71).
	Phellinus weirii	Poria weirii	Reclassified (33).
Gymnosperms. Shoot blight, tip blight, tip dieback	Sirococcus conigenus	Sirococcus strobilinus, Ascochyta piniperda	Reclassified (79). The older epithet conigenus has priority (15).
	Sphaeropsis sapinea	Diplodia pinea, Sphaeropsis ellisii	Characteristics of Sphaeropsis were clarified, and the tip blight fungus was moved back to this genus, in which it had once previously been classified. The epithet sapinea is the oldest one available (79).
Data	Pestalotiopsis funerea	Pestalotia funerea	Nearly all species formerly in Pestalotia have been reclassified in Pestalotiopsis and other genera (79).
Gymnosperms. Snow twig canker	Phacidium coniferarum, conidial state Apostrasseria pseudotsugae	Potebniamyces coniferarum, conidial state Phacidiopycnis pseudotsugae, Phomopsis pseudotsugae	Reclassified (22).
Gymnosperms. Trunkrot	Haematostereum sanguinolentum	Stereum sanguinolenturn	Reclassified (64), but some specialists retain this fungus in Stereum (29, 81).
	Cryptoporus volvatus	Polyporus volvatus	The genera of polypore fungi have been revised (33, 71).
	Gloeophyllum saepiaria	Lenzites saepiaria	Reclassified (33).
	Phellinus pini	Fomes pini	Reclassified (33, 71).
Ash. Anthracnose	Discula sp.	Gloeosporium aridum	Although the genus Gloeosporium is defunct, the ash pathogen has not been formally reclassified. It belongs in Discula (7).
Ash and other trees. Trunk rot	Perenniporia fraxinophila	Fomes fraxinophilus	The genera of polypore fungi have been revised (33, 71).
Aspen. Canker	Leucostoma nivea Phibalis pruinosa	Valsa nivea Encoelia pruinosa, Cenangium singulars	See note for gymnosperms, Cytospora canker. C. singulare was reclassified in Phibalis, where the older epithet pruinosa has priority (49, 82). Encoelia was proposed for conservation against the earlier genus Phibalis (28), but this change does not appear in the list of conserved genera (84).
Aspen. Leaf and shoot blight	Venturia tremulae, conidial state Pollaccia radiosa	Venturia macularis, conidial state Pollaccia americana	Three varieties of this fungus are recognized. The most common variety in North America is V. tremulae var. grandidentatae in its conidial state P. radiosa var. lethifera. V. macularis is a separate species the conidial state of which is unknown (56).
Aspen. Trunk rot	Phellinus tremulae	Fomes igniarius var. populinus, F. igniarius f. tremulae	The genera of polypore fungi have been revised, and this fungus has been raised to the the species level (33, 51, 71).
Azalea. Leaf and flower blight	Exobasidium azaleae	Exobasidium vaccinii	E. azaleae is one of several species in an E. vaccinii complex (72). Because more biological and taxonomic work is needed to delimit species characteristics in this group, many workers continue to use the name E. vaccinii in the broad sense.
Azalea. Powdery mildew	Microsphaera azaleae	Microsphaera penicillata, M. alni	Many species are now recognized in place of Microsphaera penicillata (M. alni)(13).
Birch. Anthracnose.	Discula betulina	Gloeosporium betulinum	All fungi in Gloeosporium were reclassified (7).
Birch. Canker-rot	Inonotus obliquus	Poria obliqua	The genera of polypore fungi have been revised (33, 71).
Camellia. Gray blight	Pestalotiopsis maculans	Pestalotiopsis guepinii, Pestalotia guepinii	Nearly all species formerly classified in Pestalotia have been reclassified in Pestalotiopsis and other genera. The older epithet maculans has priority (65).
Cherry. Bacterial canker	Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae	Pseudomonas syringae	Many former species of Pseudomonas have been reduced to pathovars of P. syringae (27, 41, 76).
Cherry. Leaf curl and witches’-broom	Taphrina wiesneri	Taphrina cerasi	The older epithet wiesneri has priority (11).
Cherry. Leaf spot and shot hole	Blumeriella jaapii, condial state Phloeosporella padi	Coccomyces hiemalis, Higginsia hiemalis,conidial state Cylindrosporium padi	A new genus name and a return to the earlier specific epithet were necessary when C. hiemalis was found to be identical with Pseudopeziza jaapii, the type species of the invalid genus Higginsia. B. jaapii includes the former C. hiemalis, C. lutescens, and C. prunophorae. The conidial states were reclassified (6).
Cherry and hawthorn. Powdery mildew	Podosphaera clandestina	Podosphaera oxycanthae	The older epithet clandestina has priority (47, 63).
Cherry and peach. Valsa canker	Leucostoma cincta and L. persoonii	Valsa cincta and V. leucostoma	See note for gymnosperms, Cytospora canker.
Chestnut. Blight, canker	Cryphonectria parasitica	Endothia parasitica	Reclassified, but some specialists prefer to retain this fungus in Endothia (10, 69).
Cypress. Canker	Seiridium Cardinale	Coryneum cardinale	Reclassified (80).
Elm. Black spot	Stegophora ulmea	Gnomonia ulmea	Taxonomic studies in the Gnomoniaceae resulted in a narrower concept of Gnomonia. The elm pathogen didn’t fit and was transferred (10).
Elm. Dutch elm disease	Ophiostoma ulmi, conidial states Pesotum ulmi and Sporothrix sp.	Ceratocystis ulmi, conidial state Graphium ulmi	Mycologists are divided as to whether or not Ophiostoma should be cleaved from Ceratocystis (34, 83). The asexual states of O. ulmi have been reclassified (17, 19).
Fir. Snow blight, twig canker	Nothophacidium abietinellum	Phacidium abietinellum	Reclassified (68).
	Phacidium balsamicola, conidial state Apostrasseria balsamicola	Potebniamyces balsamicola, conidial state Phacidiopycnis balsamicola	Reclassified (22).
Fir. Tip blight	Delphinella balsameae	Rehmiellopsis balsameae	Reclassified (58).
Firethorn. Scab	Spilocaea pyracanthae	Fusicladium pyracanthae	Reclassified (5).
Fuchsia. Rust	Pucciniastrum pustulatum	Pucciniastrum epilobii f. sp. palustris, P. fuchsiae	Authorities are divided as to whether or not P. pustulatum is a species distinct from P. epilobii. Both names have priority over P. fuchsiae (32, 88, 91).
Hackberry and sugar berry. Powdery mildew	Pleochaeta polychaeta	Uncinula polychaeta	Reclassified (48).
Holly, Japanese. Root rot	Chalara elgans	Thielaviopsis basicola	Reclassified (66).
Honeysuckle. Leaf blight	Insolibasidium deformans, conidial state Glomopsis lonicerae	Herpobasidium deformans, conidial state Glomerularia lonicerae	Reclassified (38, 62).
Hornbeam and hophornbeam. Anthracnose	Gnomoniella carpinea, conidial state Monostichella robergei	Sphaerognomonia carpinea conidial state Gloeosporium robergei	The Gnomoniaceae has been revised (10, 55). Fungi formerly in Gloeosporium were all Reclassified (7).
Horse-chestnut and buckeye. Leaf blotch	Botryosphaeria aesculi	Guignardia aesculi	Reclassified (9).
Larch. Canker	Lachnellula willkommii	Trichoscyphella willkomli Dasyscypha willkommii	Reclassified (20).
Lilac. Bacterial blight and dieback	Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae	Pseudomonas syringae	See note for cherry, bacterial canker.
Lilac. Powdery mildew	Microsphaera syringae	Microsphaera penicillata, M. alni	Many species are now recognized in place of Microsphaera penicillata (M. alni)(13).
Locust black. Trunk rot.	Phellinus robiniae	Fomes rimosus	The genera of polypore fungi have been revised. (33). The epithet rimosus properly belongs to a different fungus (25).
Maple. Anthracnose	Kabatiella apocrypta or Aureobasidium apocryptum	Gloeosporium apocryptum	Fungi formerly in Gloeosporium were all reclassified (7). Whereas the maple pathogen on its natural substrate has features not described for Aureobasidium, acceptance of the combination A. apocryptum (40) may be premature.
Maple. Canker and dieback	Valsa ambiens subsp. leucostomoides	Valsa leucostomoides	V. leucostomoides, although merged with V. ambiens, is maintained as a subspecies (77).
Maple and other trees. Trunk rot	Oxyporus populinus	Fomes connatus	The genera of polypore fungi have been revised. (33). The older epithet populinus has priority (25).
	Climacodon septentrionalis	Hydnum septentrionale, Steccherinum septentrionale	The century-old concept of Climacodon as distinct from Hydnum (45) has been accepted by contemporary mycologists (51).
Oak. Anthracnose	Apiognomonia quercina, conidial state Discula quercina	Gnomonia quercina, conidial state Gloeosporium quercinum	The Gnomoniaceae has been revised (10, 55). All fungi formerly in Gloeosporium have been reclassified (7).
Oak. Canker	Urnula craterium, conidial state Conoplea globosa	Conidial state formerly known as Strumella coryneoidea	The sexual (Urnula) state of this pathogen was discovered many years after the disease was described (42). The asexual state was reclassified in Conoplea where the older epithet globosa has priority (43).
Oak. Canker-rot	Inonotus andersonii	Poria andersonii	The genera of polypore fungi have been revised (33).
Data	Inonotus hispidus	Polyporus hispidus	Reclassified (33).
Oak. Dieback, twig canker	Botryosphaeria.	Physalospora glandicola	Reclassified (8).
Oak. Leaf spot	Tubakia dryina	Renamed because the name Actinopelte is valid only for a genus of lichens (78).
Oak. Powdery mildew	Brasiliomyces trina	Erysiphe trina	Reclassified as part of a revision of the genera of powdery mildew fungi (90).
Oak. Root rot	Inonotus dryadeus	Polyporus dryadeus	The genera of polypore fungi have been revised (33).
Oak. Trunk rot	Globifomes graveolens	Polyporus graveolens	The genera of polypore fungi have been revised (33).
	Hericium erinaceus	Hydnum erinaceus	Reclassified (53).
Data	Inonotus dryophilus	Polyporus dryophilus	Reclassified (33).
Data	Phellinus everhartii	Fomes everhartii	Reclassified (33).
Oak and hickory. Canker-rot	Phellinus spiculosus	Poria spiculosa	Reclassified (33).
Oleander and olive	Pseudomonas syringae	Pseudomonas	See note for cherry, bacterial canker.
Oleander gall and olive knot	pv. savastanoi	savastanoi
Persimmon. Wilt	Acremonium diospyri	Cephalosporium diospyri	Reclassified (31).
Pine. Fusiform rust	Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme	Cronartium fusiforme	The fusiform rust fungus in its telial state on oak is indistinguishable from the pine-oak gall rust fungus and was therefore reclassified as a forma specialis of the latter (14).
Pine. Needle blight	Mycosphaerella dearnessii	Scirrhia acicola	Reclassified (9, 30). In the North, only the conidial state, Lecanosticta acicola, is found.
	Mycosphaerella pini, conidial state Dothistroma septospora	Scirrhia pini, conidial state Dothistroma pini	Reclassified (30). In central and eastern North America, we find only the conidial state, for which the epithet septospora has priority (79).
Pine. Needle cast	Cyclaneusma minus	Naemacyclus niveus	Two species were discovered where only one had been recognized. The long-known N. niveus, now C. niveum, is a saprophyte. The second species, named N. minor and then C. minus, causes needle cast (21).
Data	Davisomycella ampla	Hypodermella ampla	Reclassified (18)
Data	Lophodermella concolor	Hypodermella concolor	Reclassified (18).
Data	Lophodermella montivaga	Hypodermella montivaga	Reclassified (18).
Data	Lophodermium seditiosum	Lophodermium pinastri	The new species L. seditiosum was found to cause the needle cast previously attributed to L. pinastri. The latter is a saprophyte or weak pathogen of old needles (54).
Pine. Pitch canker	Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans	Fusarium lateritium	The pathogen was initially misidentified (50).
Pine. Procerum root disease	Leptographium procerum	Verticicladiella procera	Verticicladiella was reduced to synonymy with Leptographium (89).
Plane tree and sycamore. Anthracnose	Apiognomonia veneta, conidial state Dlscula platani	Gnomonia platani, conidial state Gloeosporium platani	The Gnomoniaceae has been revised (10, 54). All fungi formerly classified in Gloeosporium have been reclassified (7).
Plane tree and sycamore. Powdery mildew	Microsphaera platani	Microsphaera penicillata, M. alni	Many species are now recognized in place of Microsphaera penicillata (M. alni)(13).
Plum and chokecherry. Black knot	Apiosporina morbosa	Dibotryon morbosum	Reclassified (3).
Poplar. Canker and dieback	Discosporlum populeum	Chondroplea populea, Dothichiza populea	Renamed because this pathogen is the type of the older genus Discosporium (79). D. populeum is the conidial state of Cryptodiaporthe populea.
Rosaceae. Leaf spot	Diplocarpon mespili, conidial state Entomosporium mespili.	Diplocarpon maculaturn Fabraea maculata, conidial state Entomosporium maculatum	Reclassified (44). The older epithet mespili has priority for the conidial and ascigerous states (75, 79).
Russian olive. Canker	Phomopsis arnoldiae	Phomopsis elaeagni, Fusicoccum elaeagni	The name P. elaeagni was already in use for a different fungus when the canker pathogen was transferred from Fusicoccum into Phomopsis (2, 79).
Walnut. Bacterial blight	Xanthomonas campestris pv. juglandis	Xanthomonas juglandis	Many former species of Xanthomonas have been reduced to pathovars of X. campestris (27, 41, 76).
Willow. Canker, dieback	Glomerella miyabeana, conidial state Colletotrichum	Physalospora miyabeana conidial state Gloeosporium	Reclassified (4). This fungus is said to be indistinguishable from the generalized anthracnose pathogen, Glomerella cingulata (8).
Data	Diplodina microsperma	Diplodina salicls, Discella carbonacea, Discella sailcis	Reclassified. The older epithet microsperma has priority (79). This is the conidial state of Cryptodiaporthe salicella.
Willow. Powdery mildew	Uncinula adunca	Uncinula salicls	U. salicis is considered to be a variant of the widely distributed species U. adunca (13).