RT Journal Article
SR Electronic
JF Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF)
JO JOA
FD International Society of Arboriculture
SP 63
OP 63
DO 10.48044/joa.1980.6.3.63
VO 6
IS 3
YR 1980
UL http://auf.isa-arbor.com/content/6/3/63.abstract
AB BAUMGARDT, J.P. 1979. Utilizing tree by-products. Grounds Maintenance 14(5): 22, 26, 92, 94, 96.A few years ago the debris from pruning and tree removal would have been heaped into a great pile and then burned. Burning bans and, later, air pollution controls necessitated the use of machinery to grind waste wood so burning could be avoided. Today, highly specialized machines quickly shred limbs or grind stumps, creating a heap of shredded wood. Logs may be sold as firewood or used in grounds maintenance operations, but what is to be done with mounds of wood chips and sawdust? Wise use of this residue can benefit the landscape at a minimal cost.NIELSEN, D.G. 1979. Integrated control strategies established for tree insects. Weeds, Trees and Turf 18(5): 20-22, 25-26.Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a current and popular approach utilizing pest control techniques that optimize production of maintenance efficiency while minimizing adverse environmental side effects. IPM is not new but was abandoned by many producers and landscape managers with the advent of petroleum based synthetic organic pesticides in the 1940's. Today, IPM is an approach to improve efficient use of all available tactics, including conventional pesticides only when necessary. Few programs have been developed to optimize control efficiency against pests of trees and shrubs. However, IPM can be implemented against some of the most common and destructive pests of woody ornamentals in the landscape and the nursery. A few examples are presented here to illustrate how these strategies are formulated based on thorough knowledge of the pests involved and tactics available for combating them.VAN ARSDEL, E.P. 1979. Symptoms and conditions of environmental tree disease. Weeds, Trees and Turf 18(6): 16-20, 23, 26, 28-29.Environmental diseases are those caused by the adverse effects of the environment on the tree. The adverse environmental conditions can be physical or chemical and can affect the plant directly or through the soil, water, or air. Direct physical disturbances can be mechanical injuries to the above-ground part of the tree, but more commonly they are to the roots because people are not much aware of the part of the tree that is underground. Physical changes in the level or drainage of the soil are often harmful. Harmful chemicals can be in the soil, the water, the air, or may be applied by people. Physical changes in the atmosphere are adverse weather (e.g., early or late frost), or sudden changes in the microenvironment (e.g., changes in a nearby structure), or the introduction of chemicals (air pollution). Environmental maladies involve several species of plants more often than infectious or biological diseases do, and they often stop at the property ownership lines.