@article {James195, author = {Randall James and Tisserat Ned and Todd Tim}, title = {Prevention of Pine Wilt of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) with Systemic Abamectin Injections}, volume = {32}, number = {5}, pages = {195--201}, year = {2006}, doi = {10.48044/jauf.2006.025}, publisher = {Arboriculture \& Urban Forestry (AUF)}, abstract = {We examined the efficacy of the insecticide/nematicide abamectin to prevent pine wilt disease caused by the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). Pinewood nematode movement was inhibited (\>80\% death or paralysis) following a 48 hr exposure to abamectin concentrations as low as 0.1 μL a.i. per L (100 ppb). A commercial formulation of abamectin (Avid{\texttrademark}) was injected into Scots pine using a pressurized systemic trunk injection tube (STIT) technique. Fifteen to 30 mL (0.45 to 0.90 fl oz) of Avid per STIT could be injected into the trees in less than 1 hr. Trees were successfully injected throughout February, March, and April at temperatures above 4.4{\textdegree}C (40{\textdegree}F). Survival after 1 year of 10 cm diameter (4 in) at breast height (dbh) Scots pines injected with Avid and subsequently inoculated with pinewood nematode was higher (75\%) than in pines injected with water (42\%). Similarly, survival after 3 years of large Scots pines (30 to 60 cm [12 to 24 in] dbh)] injected with Avid and exposed to a natural epidemic of pine wilt was higher (96\%) than in noninjected pines (33\%) or those injected with water (71\%). These results indicate that preventive injections of Scots pine with Avid are effective in protecting against pine wilt disease.}, issn = {1935-5297}, URL = {https://auf.isa-arbor.com/content/32/5/195}, eprint = {https://auf.isa-arbor.com/content/32/5/195.full.pdf}, journal = {Arboriculture \& Urban Forestry (AUF)} }