Print Article | Arboriculture & Urban Forestry

View Popup

Table 1.

Camper home states at seven Colorado State Parks in 2008, and 13 western U.S. National Parks in 2009.

State/National Park	2008 overnight camper totals^z	Campers interviewed	Campers from (%)^y		Campers from (%)^y
State/National Park	2008 overnight camper totals^z	Campers interviewed	Park state	Neighboring states	Nonneighboring states	Outside western U.S.
Arizona
Grand Canyon	208,819	111	21	40	39	25
Reservation data^x (n = 37,812)			13	29	58	47
State total/mean^w	208,819	111	21	40	39	25
Nevada
Lake Mead	318,074	88	36	36	28	14
State total/mean^w	318,074	88	36	36	28	14
Colorado
Black Canyon of the Gunnison	5,420	30	53	4	43	33
Great Sand Dunes	13,762	51	84	4	12	10
GSDNPP Entrance data^v (n = 8,047)			65	7	28	25
Mesa Verde	18,142	47	17	6	77	53
Rocky Mountain	67,932	195	33	9	58	57
Reservation data^x (n = 20,532)			53	7	40	39
State total/mean^w	105,256	323	38	7	55	49
Utah
Arches	19,943	18	39	17	44	11
Bryce	31,982	81	4	26	70	42
Reservation data^x (n = 2,192)			7	14	79	49
Capitol Reef	13,526	40	28	22	50	38
Glen Canyon	383,919	95	18	46	36	16
Zion	91,084	98	6	27	67	21
Reservation data^x (n = 16,258)			14	23	63	30
State total/mean^w	540,454	332	16	40	44	19
Wyoming
Grand Tetons	103,049	391	8	25	67	42
Yellowstone	271,115	413	3	25	72	42
State total/mean^w	374,164	804	4	25	71	42
National Park grand total/mean	1,546,766	1658	20	33	47	26
Colorado State Parks
Eleven-mile	16,412	84	74	7	19	15
Arkansas Headwaters	4,974	7	57	0	43	33
Chatfield	25,237	77	56	5	39	19
Cherry Creek	19,154	97	49	2	49	39
Golden Gate Canyon	14,681	64	80	2	18	13
Jackson Lake	12,813	19	95	0	5	0
North Sterling	5,202	14	93	0	7	7
State Park grand total/mean^w	98,473	362	68	3	29	19

↵

[i] ^zCampers = camper groups = total overnight visitors per park in 2008 (NPS 2008), divided by average number of persons-per-vehicle.

↵

[ii] ^yCamper weighted data are given for state mean proportions: weighting factor was computed from total 2008 campers at each park divided by the number of campers interviewed (see METHODS).

↵

[iii] ^xCampground reservation data for January through December 2008 was derived from the National Recreation Reservation System accessible through recreation.gov (provided by APHIS, see METHODS).

↵

[iv] ^wThe National Park camper home states percentages (proportion of park state, next state, or nonneighboring state) was significantly different among the five states surveyed and the State Park camper home states percentages were significantly different among the parks surveyed based on χ² tests (both p < 0.0001).

↵

[v] ^vGreat Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve (GSDNPP) collected camper home state data from January through December 2008 (see METHODS).

Table 1.

Camper home states at seven Colorado State Parks in 2008, and 13 western U.S. National Parks in 2009.

State/National Park	2008 overnight camper totals^z	Campers interviewed	Campers from (%)^y		Campers from (%)^y
State/National Park	2008 overnight camper totals^z	Campers interviewed	Park state	Neighboring states	Nonneighboring states	Outside western U.S.
Arizona
Grand Canyon	208,819	111	21	40	39	25
Reservation data^x (n = 37,812)			13	29	58	47
State total/mean^w	208,819	111	21	40	39	25
Nevada
Lake Mead	318,074	88	36	36	28	14
State total/mean^w	318,074	88	36	36	28	14
Colorado
Black Canyon of the Gunnison	5,420	30	53	4	43	33
Great Sand Dunes	13,762	51	84	4	12	10
GSDNPP Entrance data^v (n = 8,047)			65	7	28	25
Mesa Verde	18,142	47	17	6	77	53
Rocky Mountain	67,932	195	33	9	58	57
Reservation data^x (n = 20,532)			53	7	40	39
State total/mean^w	105,256	323	38	7	55	49
Utah
Arches	19,943	18	39	17	44	11
Bryce	31,982	81	4	26	70	42
Reservation data^x (n = 2,192)			7	14	79	49
Capitol Reef	13,526	40	28	22	50	38
Glen Canyon	383,919	95	18	46	36	16
Zion	91,084	98	6	27	67	21
Reservation data^x (n = 16,258)			14	23	63	30
State total/mean^w	540,454	332	16	40	44	19
Wyoming
Grand Tetons	103,049	391	8	25	67	42
Yellowstone	271,115	413	3	25	72	42
State total/mean^w	374,164	804	4	25	71	42
National Park grand total/mean	1,546,766	1658	20	33	47	26
Colorado State Parks
Eleven-mile	16,412	84	74	7	19	15
Arkansas Headwaters	4,974	7	57	0	43	33
Chatfield	25,237	77	56	5	39	19
Cherry Creek	19,154	97	49	2	49	39
Golden Gate Canyon	14,681	64	80	2	18	13
Jackson Lake	12,813	19	95	0	5	0
North Sterling	5,202	14	93	0	7	7
State Park grand total/mean^w	98,473	362	68	3	29	19

↵

[i] ^zCampers = camper groups = total overnight visitors per park in 2008 (NPS 2008), divided by average number of persons-per-vehicle.

↵

[ii] ^yCamper weighted data are given for state mean proportions: weighting factor was computed from total 2008 campers at each park divided by the number of campers interviewed (see METHODS).

↵

[iii] ^xCampground reservation data for January through December 2008 was derived from the National Recreation Reservation System accessible through recreation.gov (provided by APHIS, see METHODS).

↵

[iv] ^wThe National Park camper home states percentages (proportion of park state, next state, or nonneighboring state) was significantly different among the five states surveyed and the State Park camper home states percentages were significantly different among the parks surveyed based on χ² tests (both p < 0.0001).

↵

[v] ^vGreat Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve (GSDNPP) collected camper home state data from January through December 2008 (see METHODS).

View Popup

Recreation Type	Colorado State Parks 2008^z	National Parks 2009
Recreational vehicle	85	34	30	56	266	22	147	44
Trailer	77	32	31	50	255	18	175	64
Tent Trailer	20	8	10	68	144	7	104	61
Tent	54	25	35	85	940	49	661	67
Other	2	1	1	37	53	4	29	48
Total	238	100	107	62	1658	100	1116	60

Table 2.

Number and percentages of camper recreation types with firewood at seven Colorado State Parks in 2008, and 13 western U.S. National Parks in 2009.

Recreation Type	Colorado State Parks 2008^z				National Parks 2009
	Campers		Campers with firewood		Campers		Campers with firewood
	#	%^y	#	%^yx	#	%^y	#	%^yx
Recreational vehicle	85	34	30	56	266	22	147	44
Trailer	77	32	31	50	255	18	175	64
Tent Trailer	20	8	10	68	144	7	104	61
Tent	54	25	35	85	940	49	661	67
Other	2	1	1	37	53	4	29	48
Total	238	100	107	62	1658	100	1116	60

↵

[i] ^zColorado State Park surveys included paper surveys handed out in addition to personal surveys. Paper surveys did not ask campers what type of camping vehicle they had so sample size is only relevant to personal surveys (n = 238). Percentages and weights adjusted accordingly.

↵

[ii] ^yCamper weighted data given for recreation type mean proportions: weighting factor was computed from total 2008 campers per park divided by the number of campers interviewed (see methods section).

↵

[iii] ^xThe percent of campers with firewood was significantly different among the six recreation types surveyed based on a χ² test at both State and National Parks (both p < 0.0001)

View Popup

Table 3.

State origin of firewood and home state of campers at seven Colorado State Parks in 2008, and 13 western U.S. National Parks in 2009.

State origin of firewood (proximity to park state)	Mean		Campers from			Campers from
State origin of firewood (proximity to park state)	Campers with firewood (%)^z	Firewood (%)^z	Park state (%)^z	Neighboring states (%)^z	Nonneighboring states (%)^z	Western states (%)^z	Outside western U.S. (%)^z
Arizona (Grand Canyon), n = 83
Park state	80	72	28	35	37	37	63
Out-of-state	29	27	14	50	36	55	45
Outside western U.S.	5	5	50	0	50	50	50
Nevada (Lake Mead), n = 44
Park state	57	55	88	4	8	96	4
Out-of-state	48	45	10	40	50	40	60
Outside western U.S.	9	9	0	0	100	0	100
Colorado, n = 244
Park state	92	88	47	6	47	54	46
Out-of-state	10	10	14	22	64	59	41
Outside western U.S.	4	4	15	12	73	15	85
Utah, n = 192
Park state	41	41	32	23	45	45	55
Out-of-state	58	57	18	50	32	34	66
Outside western U.S.	5	5	8	6	86	6	94
Wyoming, n = 605
Park state	77	73	5	21	75	39	61
Out-of-state	27	26	1	46	53	61	39
Outside western U.S.	3	3	0	20	80	37	63
National Parks grand totals, n = 1,168
Park state	64 (587,119)^y	62 (599,072)^y	31	20	49	50	50
Out-of-state	39 (329,919)^y	37 (360,046)^y	12	47	41	44	56
Outside western U.S.	5 (45,999)^y	5 (47,352)^y	11	6	83	17	83
Overall home state of National	(929,226)^y	(971,307)^y	24	30	46	48	52
Park campers with firewood (weighted counts)			(233,945)^y	(288,266)^y	(449,096)^y	(461,805)^y	(509,502)^y
Colorado State Parks grand totals, n = 193
Park state	96 (52,189)^y	96 (52,189)^y	78	2	20	82	18
Out-of-state	4 (2,358)^y	4 (2,358)^y	0	10	90	52	48
Outside western U.S.	2 (1,126)^y	2 (1,126)^y	0	0	100	0	100
Overall home state of State Park	(54,547)^y	(54,547)^y	74	3	23	81	19
campers with firewood (weighted counts)			(40,482)^y	(1,534)^y	(12,531)^y	(44,333)^y	(10,409)^y

↵

[i] ^zCamper weighted data given for state mean proportions: weighting factor was computed from total 2008 campers per park divided by the number of campers interviewed (see METHODS).

[ii] ^yCampers = camper group = total overnight visitors per park in 2008 (NPS 2008) divided by average number of persons-per-vehicle.

[iii] Note: n = state origins of firewood (if more than one state origin was given each was counted). Mean percentages of park state and out-of-state may not add up to 100% because unknowns are not represented in the table. Percentages may exceed 100% because some campers had two state origins of wood.

Table 3.

State origin of firewood and home state of campers at seven Colorado State Parks in 2008, and 13 western U.S. National Parks in 2009.

State origin of firewood (proximity to park state)	Mean		Campers from			Campers from
State origin of firewood (proximity to park state)	Campers with firewood (%)^z	Firewood (%)^z	Park state (%)^z	Neighboring states (%)^z	Nonneighboring states (%)^z	Western states (%)^z	Outside western U.S. (%)^z
Arizona (Grand Canyon), n = 83
Park state	80	72	28	35	37	37	63
Out-of-state	29	27	14	50	36	55	45
Outside western U.S.	5	5	50	0	50	50	50
Nevada (Lake Mead), n = 44
Park state	57	55	88	4	8	96	4
Out-of-state	48	45	10	40	50	40	60
Outside western U.S.	9	9	0	0	100	0	100
Colorado, n = 244
Park state	92	88	47	6	47	54	46
Out-of-state	10	10	14	22	64	59	41
Outside western U.S.	4	4	15	12	73	15	85
Utah, n = 192
Park state	41	41	32	23	45	45	55
Out-of-state	58	57	18	50	32	34	66
Outside western U.S.	5	5	8	6	86	6	94
Wyoming, n = 605
Park state	77	73	5	21	75	39	61
Out-of-state	27	26	1	46	53	61	39
Outside western U.S.	3	3	0	20	80	37	63
National Parks grand totals, n = 1,168
Park state	64 (587,119)^y	62 (599,072)^y	31	20	49	50	50
Out-of-state	39 (329,919)^y	37 (360,046)^y	12	47	41	44	56
Outside western U.S.	5 (45,999)^y	5 (47,352)^y	11	6	83	17	83
Overall home state of National	(929,226)^y	(971,307)^y	24	30	46	48	52
Park campers with firewood (weighted counts)			(233,945)^y	(288,266)^y	(449,096)^y	(461,805)^y	(509,502)^y
Colorado State Parks grand totals, n = 193
Park state	96 (52,189)^y	96 (52,189)^y	78	2	20	82	18
Out-of-state	4 (2,358)^y	4 (2,358)^y	0	10	90	52	48
Outside western U.S.	2 (1,126)^y	2 (1,126)^y	0	0	100	0	100
Overall home state of State Park	(54,547)^y	(54,547)^y	74	3	23	81	19
campers with firewood (weighted counts)			(40,482)^y	(1,534)^y	(12,531)^y	(44,333)^y	(10,409)^y

↵

[i] ^zCamper weighted data given for state mean proportions: weighting factor was computed from total 2008 campers per park divided by the number of campers interviewed (see METHODS).

[ii] ^yCampers = camper group = total overnight visitors per park in 2008 (NPS 2008) divided by average number of persons-per-vehicle.

[iii] Note: n = state origins of firewood (if more than one state origin was given each was counted). Mean percentages of park state and out-of-state may not add up to 100% because unknowns are not represented in the table. Percentages may exceed 100% because some campers had two state origins of wood.

View Popup

Firewood Source^z	Campers from
Arizona, n = 85
Outside park	24	14	32	20
Inside park	48	38	47	57
From home	15	29	15	7
Scrap lumber	7	14	6	3
Other	6	5	0	13
Unknown	0	0	0	0
Nevada, n = 43
Outside park	19	22	11	18
Inside park	5	9	0	0
From home	26	26	22	27
Scrap lumber	30	13	56	45
Other	21	30	11	9
Unknown	0	0	0	0
Colorado (national parks), n = 277
Outside park	26	32	16	21
Inside park	51	36	56	65
From home	9	14	9	5
Scrap lumber	7	11	14	3
Other	6	7	5	6
Unknown	0.2	0	0	0
Utah, n = 209
Outside park	42	31	40	53
Inside park	14	15	16	11
From home	25	18	22	32
Scrap lumber	14	28	16	2
Other	5	7	6	3
Unknown	0	0	0	0
Wyoming, n = 640
Outside park	12	14	13	12
Inside park	50	36	38	55
From home	9	9	17	5
Scrap lumber	5	6	10	3
Other	24	36	22	25
Unknown	0.3	0	0	0
National Parks grand total, n = 1254
Outside park	25	25	27	24
Inside park	32	21	28	41
From home	17	21	19	14
Scrap lumber	12	17	16	6
Other	14	16	10	15
Unknown	0.1	0.1	0	0.2
Colorado State Parks grand total, n = 192
Outside park	28	29	40	21
Inside park	30	29	38	32
From home	15	18	21	3
Scrap lumber	10	12	0	8
Other	5	6	0	5
Unknown	12	6	0	31

Table 4.

Firewood source and home state of campers at seven Colorado State Parks in 2008, and 13 western U.S. National Parks in 2009.

Firewood Source^z	Campers from
Firewood Source^z	all states (%)	park state (%)	neighboring states (%)	nonneighboring states (%)
Arizona, n = 85
Outside park	24	14	32	20
Inside park	48	38	47	57
From home	15	29	15	7
Scrap lumber	7	14	6	3
Other	6	5	0	13
Unknown	0	0	0	0
Nevada, n = 43
Outside park	19	22	11	18
Inside park	5	9	0	0
From home	26	26	22	27
Scrap lumber	30	13	56	45
Other	21	30	11	9
Unknown	0	0	0	0
Colorado (national parks), n = 277
Outside park	26	32	16	21
Inside park	51	36	56	65
From home	9	14	9	5
Scrap lumber	7	11	14	3
Other	6	7	5	6
Unknown	0.2	0	0	0
Utah, n = 209
Outside park	42	31	40	53
Inside park	14	15	16	11
From home	25	18	22	32
Scrap lumber	14	28	16	2
Other	5	7	6	3
Unknown	0	0	0	0
Wyoming, n = 640
Outside park	12	14	13	12
Inside park	50	36	38	55
From home	9	9	17	5
Scrap lumber	5	6	10	3
Other	24	36	22	25
Unknown	0.3	0	0	0
National Parks grand total, n = 1254
Outside park	25	25	27	24
Inside park	32	21	28	41
From home	17	21	19	14
Scrap lumber	12	17	16	6
Other	14	16	10	15
Unknown	0.1	0.1	0	0.2
Colorado State Parks grand total, n = 192
Outside park	28	29	40	21
Inside park	30	29	38	32
From home	15	18	21	3
Scrap lumber	10	12	0	8
Other	5	6	0	5
Unknown	12	6	0	31

↵

[i] ^zn = wood sources (if more than one wood source was given each was counted)

[ii] Note: Camper weighted data given for state mean proportions: weighting factor was computed from total 2008 campers per park divided by the number of campers interviewed (see METHODS).

View Popup

Wood type	Arizona	Colorado	Nevada	Utah	Wyoming	National Park Total	CO State Park Total
Pine	65	22	67	91	31	71	55	67	83	89	61	71	42	85
Fir (inc. DF)^z	3	33	1	100	2	0	3	58	1	58	2	44	2	100
Other conifer	2	100	1	79	6	67	5	72	1	50	3	72	2	24
Oak	6	40	3	84	2	100	6	77	2	71	4	70	0	-
Ash	0	0	0.4	100	2	0	0	0	0.1	100	0.4	14	0	-
Aspen	1	100	17	92	4	100	6	93	3	74	5	91	1	100
Other hardwood	11	40	5	52	28	47	13	79	5	65	12	58	7	89
Unknown	11	30	5	46	26	21	12	16	5	33	12	23	46	62
Total	100	29	100	87	100	50	100	64	100	84	100	64	100	74

Table 5.

Percent of all wood types noted per state at 13 western U.S. National Parks in 2009, and seven Colorado State Parks in 2008.

Wood type	Arizona		Colorado		Nevada		Utah		Wyoming		National Park Total		CO State Park Total
Wood type	All wood (%)	With bark (%)	All wood (%)	With bark (%)	All wood (%)	With bark (%)	All wood (%)	With bark (%)	All wood (%)	With bark (%)	All wood (%)	With bark (%)	All wood (%)	With bark (%)
Pine	65	22	67	91	31	71	55	67	83	89	61	71	42	85
Fir (inc. DF)^z	3	33	1	100	2	0	3	58	1	58	2	44	2	100
Other conifer	2	100	1	79	6	67	5	72	1	50	3	72	2	24
Oak	6	40	3	84	2	100	6	77	2	71	4	70	0	-
Ash	0	0	0.4	100	2	0	0	0	0.1	100	0.4	14	0	-
Aspen	1	100	17	92	4	100	6	93	3	74	5	91	1	100
Other hardwood	11	40	5	52	28	47	13	79	5	65	12	58	7	89
Unknown	11	30	5	46	26	21	12	16	5	33	12	23	46	62
Total	100	29	100	87	100	50	100	64	100	84	100	64	100	74

↵

[i] ^zCategory includes true firs and Douglas-fir (DF)

[ii] Note: Camper weighted data are given for mean proportions: weighting factor was computed from total 2008 campers at each park divided by the number of campers interviewed (see methods section).

View Popup

Presence of previous infestation	Firewood from All states (%)	Park state (%)	Out-of-state (%)
Arizona, n = 671
Bark beetles	10	4	33
Wood borers	7	6	13
Stain fungi	66	76	33
Insects (beetles & borers)	15	8	40
Nevada, n = 36
Bark beetles	6	5	7
Wood borers	19	19	20
Stain fungi	8	14	0
Insects (beetles & borers)	19	19	20
Colorado, n = 225
Bark beetles	70	74	32
Wood borers	67	69	37
Stain fungi	64	67	32
Insects (beetles & borers)	73	77	37
Utah, n = 164
Bark beetles	47	66	33
Wood borers	33	47	24
Stain fungi	9	11	8
Insects (beetles & borers)	57	79	42
Wyoming, n = 562
Bark beetles	72	81	44
Wood borers	66	72	48
Stain fungi	64	77	25
Insects (beetles and borers)	76	82	56
National Parks grand totals, n = 1,054
Bark beetles	45	53	31
Wood borers	40	48	28
Stain fungi	39	55	13
Insects (beetles and borers)	53	59	41
Colorado State Parks grand totals, n = 56
Bark beetles	67	67	-
Wood borers	57	57	-
Stain fungi	79	79	-
Insects (beetles and borers)	71	71	-

Table 6.

Evidence of previous insect evidence and fungal infestation of firewood at seven Colorado State Parks in 2008, and 13 western U.S. National Parks in 2009.

Presence of previous infestation	Firewood from All states (%)	Park state (%)	Out-of-state (%)
Arizona, n = 671
Bark beetles	10	4	33
Wood borers	7	6	13
Stain fungi	66	76	33
Insects (beetles & borers)	15	8	40
Nevada, n = 36
Bark beetles	6	5	7
Wood borers	19	19	20
Stain fungi	8	14	0
Insects (beetles & borers)	19	19	20
Colorado, n = 225
Bark beetles	70	74	32
Wood borers	67	69	37
Stain fungi	64	67	32
Insects (beetles & borers)	73	77	37
Utah, n = 164
Bark beetles	47	66	33
Wood borers	33	47	24
Stain fungi	9	11	8
Insects (beetles & borers)	57	79	42
Wyoming, n = 562
Bark beetles	72	81	44
Wood borers	66	72	48
Stain fungi	64	77	25
Insects (beetles and borers)	76	82	56
National Parks grand totals, n = 1,054
Bark beetles	45	53	31
Wood borers	40	48	28
Stain fungi	39	55	13
Insects (beetles and borers)	53	59	41
Colorado State Parks grand totals, n = 56
Bark beetles	67	67	-
Wood borers	57	57	-
Stain fungi	79	79	-
Insects (beetles and borers)	71	71	-

[i] Note: Weighted mean percentages are given for state totals: weighting factor was computed from total campers for each park in 2008 divided by the number of campers interviewed in 2009.

Firewood Transport by National and State Park Campers: A Risk for Native or Exotic Tree Pest Movement

Article Figures & Data

Figures

Tables