Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Home
  • Content
    • Ahead of Print
    • Current Issue
    • Special Issues
    • All Issues
  • Contribute
    • Submit to AUF
    • Author Guidelines
    • Reviewer Guidelines
  • About
    • Overview
    • Editorial Board
    • Journal Metrics
    • International Society of Arboriculture
  • More
    • Contact
    • Feedback
  • Alerts

User menu

  • Log in

Search

  • Advanced search
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry
  • Log in
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Content
    • Ahead of Print
    • Current Issue
    • Special Issues
    • All Issues
  • Contribute
    • Submit to AUF
    • Author Guidelines
    • Reviewer Guidelines
  • About
    • Overview
    • Editorial Board
    • Journal Metrics
    • International Society of Arboriculture
  • More
    • Contact
    • Feedback
  • Alerts
  • Facebook
  • Twitter
  • YouTube
  • LinkedIn
Research ArticleArticles

Modelling Four Neighbourhood-Scale Urban Forest Scenarios for 2050: Vancouver, Canada

Agatha Czekajlo, Zhaohua Cheng, Sara Barron, Cynthia Girling and Lorien Nesbitt
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF) October 2023, jauf.2023.025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2023.025
Agatha Czekajlo
elementslab, School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, University of British Columbia, 3131-2260 West Mall, Vancouver, Canada
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Search for this author on this site
Zhaohua Cheng
Collaborative for Advanced Landscape Planning (CALP), Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Search for this author on this site
Sara Barron
Department of Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Search for this author on this site
Cynthia Girling
elementslab, School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Search for this author on this site
Lorien Nesbitt
Department of Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF
Loading

Literature Cited

  1. ↵
    1. Aminipouri M,
    2. Rayner D,
    3. Lindberg F,
    4. Thorsson S,
    5. Knudby AJ,
    6. Zickfeld K,
    7. Middel A,
    8. Krayenhoff ES.
    2019. Urban tree planting to maintain outdoor thermal comfort under climate change: The case of Vancouver’s local climate zones. Building and Environment. 158:226–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.05.022
    OpenUrl
  2. ↵
    1. Bassuk N,
    2. Whitlow T.
    1987. Environmental stress in street trees. Acta Horticulturae. 195:49–58. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1987.195.6
    OpenUrl
  3. ↵
    BC Assessment. 2019. BC Assessment—Independent, uniform and efficient property assessment [dataset]. Victoria (BC, Canada): BC Assessment. [Accessed 2022 November 24]. https://www.bcassessment.ca
  4. ↵
    BC Stats. 2023. Victoria (BC, Canada): BC Government. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/data/about-data-management/bc-stats
  5. ↵
    1. Bivand R,
    2. Keitt T,
    3. Rowlingson B,
    4. Pebesma E,
    5. Sumner M,
    6. Hijmans R,
    7. Baston D,
    8. Rouault E,
    9. Warmerdam F,
    10. Ooms J,
    11. Rundel C.
    2022. rgdal: Bindings for the “Geospatial’ Data Abstraction Library (version 1.6-4). https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rgdal
  6. ↵
    1. Bodnaruk EW,
    2. Kroll CN,
    3. Yang Y,
    4. Hirabayashi S,
    5. Nowak DJ,
    6. Endreny TA.
    2017. Where to plant urban trees? A spatially explicit methodology to explore ecosystem service tradeoffs. Landscape and Urban Planning. 157:457–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.08.016
    OpenUrl
  7. ↵
    1. Bowler DE,
    2. Buyung-Ali LM,
    3. Knight TM,
    4. Pullin AS.
    2010. A systematic review of evidence for the added benefits to health of exposure to natural environments. BMC Public Health. 10(1):456. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-456
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  8. ↵
    1. Breen P.
    2022. Landscape Plants [database]. Corvallis (OR, USA): Oregon State University Department of Horticulture. [Accessed 2022 March 16]. https://landscapeplants.oregonstate.edu
  9. ↵
    1. Burton E.
    2000. The compact city: Just or just compact? A preliminary analysis. Urban Studies. 37(11):1969–2006. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980050162184
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  10. ↵
    1. Carney C,
    2. Bedell-Stiles J,
    3. Coe D,
    4. Dake G,
    5. DiSalvo A,
    6. Krueger M,
    7. Landoe B,
    8. Martin A,
    9. Ramsey J,
    10. Wilson M.
    2021. Urban Forest Action Plan: 2020 Implementation Update. Portland (OR, USA): Portland Parks & Recreation. [Accessed 2023 January 16]. https://www.portland.gov/trees/documents/2020-urban-forest-action-plan-implementation-update/download
  11. ↵
    1. Carney C,
    2. Ramsey J,
    3. Coe D,
    4. Dake G,
    5. DiSalvo A,
    6. Krueger M,
    7. Landoe B,
    8. Martin A,
    9. Wilson M.
    2022. Urban Forest Action Plan: 2021 Implementation Update. Portland (OR, USA): Portland Parks & Recreation. [Accessed 2023 January 16]. https://www.portland.gov/trees/documents/2021-urban-forest-action-plan-implementation-update/download
  12. ↵
    1. Cheng Z,
    2. Nitoslawski S,
    3. Konijnendijk van den Bosch C,
    4. Sheppard S,
    5. Nesbitt L,
    6. Girling C.
    2021. Alignment of municipal climate change and urban forestry policies: A Canadian perspective. Environmental Science & Policy. 122:14–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2021.04.005
    OpenUrl
  13. ↵
    1. Choi J,
    2. Lee G.
    2022. Optimization of tree planting for urban residential green spaces. Landscape and Ecological Engineering. 19:107–121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-022-00524-8
    OpenUrl
  14. ↵
    City of Vancouver. 2010. Schedule C: Number of Trees Required on a Site, Section 5.2. Vancouver (BC, Canada): City of Vancouver. [Accessed 2023 February 7]. https://bylaws.vancouver.ca/tree/schedc.pdf
  15. ↵
    City of Vancouver. 2011. Street Tree Guidelines for the Public Realm. Vancouver (BC, Canada): City of Vancouver. [Accessed 2022 May 17]. https://vancouver.ca/files/cov/StreetTreeGuidelines.pdf
  16. ↵
    City of Vancouver. 2022. Vancouver Plan [draft]. Vancouver (BC, Canada): City of Vancouver. [Accessed 2022 May 6]. https://vancouverplan.ca/wp-content/uploads/Draft-Vancouver-Plan-2022-04-05.pdf
  17. ↵
    City of Vancouver. 2023a. Blue Green Systems. Vancouver (BC, Canada). [Accessed 2023 January 16]. https://vancouver.ca/home-property-development/blue-green-systems.aspx
  18. ↵
    City of Vancouver. 2023b. Southeast False Creek. Vancouver (BC, Canada). [Accessed 2023 January 16]. https://vancouver.ca/home-property-development/southeast-false-creek.aspx
  19. ↵
    City of Vancouver Open Data Portal. 2010. Orthophoto imagery 2006 [dataset]. Vancouver (BC, Canada). [Accessed 2023 January 16]. https://opendata.vancouver.ca/explore/dataset/orthophoto-imagery-2006
  20. ↵
    City of Vancouver Open Data Portal. 2013. LiDAR 2013 [dataset]. Vancouver (BC, Canada). [Accessed 2021 May 27]. https://opendata.vancouver.ca/explore/dataset/lidar-2013/information
  21. ↵
    City of Vancouver Open Data Portal. 2020. Orthophoto imagery 2015 [dataset]. Vancouver (BC, Canada). [Accessed 2023 January 16]. https://opendata.vancouver.ca/explore/dataset/orthophoto-imagery-2015
  22. ↵
    City of Vancouver and Vancouver Park Board. 2018. Urban Forest Strategy: 2018 Update. Vancouver (BC, Canada): City of Vancouver and Vancouver Board of Parks and Recreation. [Accessed 2022 February 28]. https://vancouver.ca/files/cov/urban-forest-strategy.pdf
  23. ↵
    City of Vancouver and Vancouver Park Board. 2020a. Urban Forest Strategy: December 2, 2020 Update. Vancouver (BC, Canada): City of Vancouver and Vancouver Board of Parks and Recreation. [Accessed 2022 February 28]. https://parkboardmeetings.vancouver.ca/2020/20201207/REPORT-UrbanForestStrategyUpdate-20201207.pdf
  24. ↵
    City of Vancouver and Vancouver Park Board. 2020b. VanPlay: Vancouver’s Parks and Recreation Framework. Vancouver (BC, Canada): City of Vancouver and Vancouver Board of Parks and Recreation. [Accessed 2023 January 19]. https://vancouver.ca/files/cov/vanplay-framework.pdf
  25. ↵
    City of Vancouver and Vancouver Park Board. 2023. Street Trees [dataset]. Vancouver (BC, Canada). [Modified 2023 February 7; Accessed 2021 June 30]. https://opendata.vancouver.ca/explore/dataset/street-trees/information/?disjunctive.species_name&disjunctive.common_name&disjunctive.on_street&disjunctive.neighbourhood_name
  26. ↵
    1. Clark C,
    2. Ordóñez C,
    3. Livesley SJ.
    2020. Private tree removal, public loss: Valuing and enforcing existing tree protection mechanisms is the key to retaining urban trees on private land. Landscape and Urban Planning. 203:103899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103899
    OpenUrl
  27. ↵
    1. Coleman AF,
    2. Eisenman TS,
    3. Locke DH,
    4. Harper RW.
    2023. Exploring links between resident satisfaction and participation in an urban tree planting initiative. Cities. 134:104195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2023.104195
    OpenUrl
  28. ↵
    1. Czekajlo A,
    2. Coops NC,
    3. Wulder MA,
    4. Hermosilla T,
    5. Lu Y,
    6. White JC,
    7. van den Bosch M.
    2020. The urban greenness score: A satellite-based metric for multi-decadal characterization of urban land dynamics. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 93:102210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2020.102210
    OpenUrl
  29. ↵
    1. Danford R,
    2. Cheng C,
    3. Strohbach M,
    4. Ryan R,
    5. Nicolson C,
    6. Warren P.
    2014. What does it take to achieve equitable urban tree canopy distribution? A Boston case study. Cities and the Environment. 7(1). https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cate/vol7/iss1/2
  30. ↵
    1. Daniel C,
    2. Morrison TH,
    3. Phinn S.
    2016. The governance of private residential land in cities and spatial effects on tree cover. Environmental Science & Policy. 62:79–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.01.015
    OpenUrl
  31. ↵
    Diamond Head Consulting. 2016. Metro Vancouver Urban Forest Climate Adaptation Framework. Vancouver (BC, Canada): Metro Vancouver Regional District. [Updated 2017 May 11; Accessed 2023 January 16]. https://metrovancouver.org/services/regional-planning/Documents/urban-forest-climate-adaptation-framework-tree-species-selection.pdf#search=Metro%20Vancouver%20Urban%20Forest%20Climate%20Adaptation%20Framework%2E
  32. ↵
    Diamond Head Consulting. 2019a. Tree Species Selection Database [database]. Vancouver (BC, Canada): Metro Vancouver Regional District. [Accessed 2023 January 16]. https://metrovancouver.org/services/regional-planning/Documents/urban-forest-climate-adaptation-tree-species-selection-database.xlsx
  33. ↵
    Diamond Head Consulting. 2019b. Urban Tree List for Metro Vancouver in a Changing Climate. Vancouver (BC, Canada): Metro Vancouver Regional District. [Accessed 2023 January 16]. https://metrovancouver.org/services/regional-planning/Documents/urban-forest-trees-list.pdf
  34. ↵
    1. Guo T,
    2. Morgenroth J,
    3. Conway T.
    2018. Redeveloping the urban forest: The effect of redevelopment and property-scale variables on tree removal and retention. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 35:192–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.08.012
    OpenUrl
  35. ↵
    1. Guo T,
    2. Morgenroth J,
    3. Conway T.
    2019. To plant, remove, or retain: Understanding property owner decisions about trees during redevelopment. Landscape and Urban Planning. 190:103601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.103601
    OpenUrl
  36. ↵
    1. Gupta R,
    2. Gregg M.
    2013. Preventing the overheating of English suburban homes in a warming climate. Building Research & Information. 41(3):281–300. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2013.772043
    OpenUrl
  37. ↵
    1. Haaland C,
    2. Konijnendijk van den Bosch C.
    2015. Challenges and strategies for urban green-space planning in cities undergoing densification: A review. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 14(4):760–771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.07.009
    OpenUrl
  38. ↵
    1. Hamin EM,
    2. Gurran N.
    2009. Urban form and climate change: Balancing adaptation and mitigation in the U.S. and Australia. Habitat International, Climate Change and Human Settlements. 33(3):238–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2008.10.005
    OpenUrl
  39. ↵
    1. Hartig T,
    2. Mitchell R,
    3. de Vries S,
    4. Frumkin H.
    2014. Nature and health. Annual Review of Public Health. 35:207–228. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182443
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  40. ↵
    1. Healy M,
    2. Rogan J,
    3. Roman LA,
    4. Nix S,
    5. Martin DG,
    6. Geron N.
    2022. Historical urban tree canopy cover change in two post-industrial cities. Environmental Management. 70(1):16–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-022-01614-x
    OpenUrl
  41. ↵
    1. Hijmans RJ,
    2. van Etten J,
    3. Sumner M,
    4. Cheng J,
    5. Baston D,
    6. Bevan A,
    7. Bivand R,
    8. Busetto L,
    9. Canty M,
    10. Fasoli B,
    11. Forrest D.
    2022. raster: Geographic data analysis and modeling (version 3.6-14). https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=raster
  42. ↵
    1. Hilbert DR,
    2. Roman LA,
    3. Koeser AK,
    4. Vogt J,
    5. Van Doorn NS.
    2018. Urban tree mortality: A literature review. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 45(5):167–200. https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2019.015
    OpenUrl
  43. ↵
    1. Jim CY,
    2. Konijnendijk van den Bosch C,
    3. Chen WY.
    2018. Acute challenges and solutions for urban forestry in compact and densifying cities. Journal of Urban Planning and Development. 144(3):04018025. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000466
    OpenUrl
  44. ↵
    1. Kenney WA,
    2. van Wassenaer P,
    3. Satel A.
    2011. Criteria and indicators for strategic urban forest planning and management. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 37(3):108–117. https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2011.015
    OpenUrl
  45. ↵
    1. Khan T,
    2. Conway TM.
    2020. Vulnerability of common urban forest species to projected climate change and practitioners perceptions and responses. Environmental Management. 65(4):534–547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-020-01270-z
    OpenUrl
  46. ↵
    1. Kirkpatrick JB,
    2. Davison A,
    3. Daniels GD.
    2012. Resident attitudes towards trees influence the planting and removal of different types of trees in eastern Australian cities. Landscape and Urban Planning. 107(2):147–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.05.015
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  47. ↵
    1. Koeser AK,
    2. Hauer R,
    3. Norris K,
    4. Krouse R.
    2013. Factors influencing long-term street tree Survival in Milwaukee, WI, USA. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 12(4):562–568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2013.05.006
    OpenUrl
  48. ↵
    1. Koeser AK,
    2. Hauer RJ,
    3. Hilbert DR,
    4. Northrop RJ,
    5. Thorn H,
    6. McLean DC,
    7. Salisbury AB.
    2022. The tripping point—Minimum planting widths for small-stature trees in dense urban developments. Sustainability. 14(6):3283. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063283
    OpenUrl
  49. ↵
    1. Konijnendijk CC.
    2022. Evidence-based guidelines for greener, healthier, more resilient neighbourhoods: Introducing the 3–30–300 Rule. Journal of Forestry Research. 34:821–830. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-022-01523-z
    OpenUrl
  50. ↵
    1. Kruskal WH,
    2. Wallis WA.
    1952. Use of ranks in one-criterion variance analysis. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 47(260):583–621. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1952.10483441
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  51. ↵
    Kwantlen Polytechnic University. 2015. Plant Database [database]. Surrey (BC, Canada): Kwantlen Polytechnic University. [Accessed 2023 January 16]. https://plantdatabase.kpu.ca
  52. ↵
    1. Langenheim N,
    2. White M,
    3. Tapper N,
    4. Livesley SJ,
    5. Ramirez-Lovering D.
    2020. Right tree, right place, right time: A visual-functional design approach to select and place trees for optimal shade benefit to commuting pedestrians. Sustainable Cities and Society. 52:101816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101816
    OpenUrl
  53. ↵
    1. Lantz N,
    2. Grenier M,
    3. Wang J.
    2021. Urban greenness, 2001, 2011 and 2019. Ottawa (ON, Canada): Government of Canada and Statistics Canada. Catalogue no. 16-002-X. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/16-002-x/2021001/article/00002-eng.pdf?st=njVHxuPQ
  54. ↵
    1. Livesley SJ,
    2. McPherson EG,
    3. Calfapietra C.
    2016. The urban forest and ecosystem services: Impacts on urban water, heat, and pollution cycles at the tree, street, and city scale. Journal of Environmental Quality. 45(1):119–124. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2015.11.0567
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  55. ↵
    1. Locke DJ,
    2. Grove M,
    3. Lu J,
    4. Troy A,
    5. O’Neil-Dunne J,
    6. Beck B.
    2011. Prioritizing preferable locations for increasing urban tree canopy in New York City. Cities and the Environment. 3(1):4. https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cate/vol3/iss1/4
    OpenUrl
  56. ↵
    1. Lu Y,
    2. Girling C,
    3. Martino N,
    4. Kim J,
    5. Kellett R,
    6. Salter J.
    2023. Climate action at the neighbourhood scale: Comparing municipal future scenarios. Buildings and Cities. 4(1):1. https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.275
    OpenUrl
  57. ↵
    1. Lu Y,
    2. McCarty J,
    3. Sezto J,
    4. Cheng Z,
    5. Martino N,
    6. Girling C,
    7. Rysanek A,
    8. Barron S,
    9. Matasci G.
    2022. Modeling the shading effect of Vancouver’s urban tree canopy in relation to neighborhood variations. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 48(2): 95–112. https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2022.008
    OpenUrl
  58. ↵
    1. Lu Y,
    2. Scott A,
    3. Kim J,
    4. Barbosa Curi C,
    5. McCarty J,
    6. Pardy A,
    7. Rysanek A,
    8. Girling C,
    9. Kellett R.
    2021. Integration of an energy-economy model with an urban energy model. Buildings and Cities. 2(1):114–133. https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.71
    OpenUrl
  59. ↵
    1. Matasci G,
    2. Coops NC,
    3. Williams DAR,
    4. Page N.
    2018. Mapping tree canopies in urban environments using airborne laser scanning (ALS): A Vancouver case study. Forest Ecosystems. 5:31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-018-0146-y
    OpenUrl
  60. ↵
    1. McKight PE,
    2. Najab J.
    2010. Kruskal-Wallis Test. In: Weiner IB, Craighead WE, editors. The Corsini encyclopedia of psychology. Hoboken (NJ, USA): John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0491
  61. ↵
    Metro Vancouver Open Data Portal. 2023. Land Use 2016—Code Description. Burnaby (BC, Canada): Metro Vancouver. [Updated 2023 February 3; Accessed 2022 May 13]. https://gisportal.metrovancouver.org/portal/apps/sites/#/open-data-portal/datasets/9db06546bc9144918828d30be6be0811/about
  62. ↵
    Missouri Botanical Garden. [date unknown]. Plant Finder [database]. St. Louis (MO, USA): Missouri Botanical Garden. [Accessed 2023 January 16]. http://www.missouribotanicalgaiden.org/plantfinder/plantfindersearch.aspx
  63. ↵
    1. Mooney P.
    2014. A systematic approach to incorporating multiple ecosystem services in landscape planning and design. Landscape Journal. 33(2):141–171. https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.33.2.141
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  64. ↵
    1. Morgan M,
    2. Ries PD.
    2022. Planting free trees on private property: Understanding urban residents’ motivations and hesitations. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 71:127557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127557
    OpenUrl
  65. ↵
    1. Nesbitt L,
    2. Hotte N,
    3. Barron S,
    4. Cowan J,
    5. Sheppard SRJ.
    2017. The social and economic value of cultural ecosystem services provided by urban forests in North America: A review and suggestions for future research. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 25:103–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.05.005
    OpenUrl
  66. ↵
    1. Nesbitt L,
    2. Meitner MJ,
    3. Girling C,
    4. Sheppard SRJ.
    2019a. Urban green equity on the ground: Practice-based models of urban green equity in three multicultural cities. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 44:126433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.126433
    OpenUrl
  67. ↵
    1. Nesbitt L,
    2. Meitner MJ,
    3. Girling C,
    4. Sheppard SRJ,
    5. Lu Y.
    2019b. Who has access to urban vegetation? A spatial analysis of distributional green equity in 10 US cities. Landscape and Urban Planning. 181:51–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.08.007
    OpenUrl
  68. ↵
    1. Norman J,
    2. MacLean HL,
    3. Kennedy CA.
    2006. Comparing high and low residential density: Life-cycle analysis of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. Journal of Urban Planning and Development. 132(1):10–21. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488(2006)132:1(10)
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  69. ↵
    1. Nowak DJ,
    2. Crane DE.
    2002. Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA. Environmental Pollution. 116(3): 381–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00214-7
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  70. ↵
    1. Ordóñez-Barona C,
    2. Bush J,
    3. Hurley J,
    4. Amati M,
    5. Juhola S,
    6. Frank S,
    7. Ritchie M,
    8. Clark C,
    9. English A,
    10. Hertzog K,
    11. Caffin M,
    12. Watt S,
    13. Livesley SJ.
    2021. International approaches to protecting and retaining trees on private urban land. Journal of Environmental Management. 285:112081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112081
    OpenUrl
  71. ↵
    1. Ordóñez Barona C,
    2. Bush J,
    3. Hurley J,
    4. Livesley S,
    5. Amati M,
    6. English A,
    7. Caffin M,
    8. Franks S,
    9. Hertzog K,
    10. Callow D.
    2020. Global review of incentive schemes for the retention and successful establishment of trees on private urban land—Expert opinions and case study synthesis. Parkville (Australia): Horticulture Innovation Australia (HIA), The University of Melbourne. NY18002. http://hdl.handle.net/11343/240788
  72. ↵
    Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions. 2012. Energy efficiency in the built environment. Victoria (BC, Canada): Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions. [Accessed 2022 May 30]. https://pics.uvic.ca/projects/eneigy-elficiency-built-environment
  73. ↵
    1. Pebesma E,
    2. Bivand R,
    3. Racine E,
    4. Sumner M,
    5. Cook I,
    6. Keitt T,
    7. Lovelace R,
    8. Wickham H,
    9. Ooms J,
    10. Muller K,
    11. Pedersen TL,
    12. Baston D,
    13. Dunnington D.
    2022. Sf: Simple Features for R3. Version 1.0-9. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=sf
  74. ↵
    Planet Team. 2017. Planet Application Program Interface: In Space for Life on Earth. San Francisco (CA, USA): Planet Team. https://api.planet.com
  75. ↵
    Plants For A Future. 2022. Database Plant Search Page [database]. England and Wales (United Kingdom): Plants For A Future. [Accessed 2023 January 26]. https://pfaf.org/user/Default.aspx
  76. ↵
    1. Poland TM,
    2. McCullough DG.
    2006. Emerald ash borer: Invasion of the urban forest and the threat to North America’s ash resource. Journal of Forestry. 104(3):118–124. https://doi.org/10.1093/jof/104.3.118
    OpenUrlWeb of Science
  77. ↵
    1. Pretzsch H,
    2. Biber P,
    3. Uhl E,
    4. Dahlhausen J,
    5. Rötzer T,
    6. Caldentey J,
    7. Koike T,
    8. van Con T,
    9. Chavanne A,
    10. Seifert T,
    11. du Toit B,
    12. Famden C,
    13. Pauleit S.
    2015. Crown size and growing space requirement of common tree species in urban centres, parks, and forests. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 14(3):466–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.04.006
    OpenUrl
  78. ↵
    PWL Partnership. [date unknown]. Southeast False Creek. Vancouver (BC, Canada): PWL Partnership. [Accessed 2023 January 16]. https://www.pwlpartnership.com/projects/southeast-false-creek
  79. ↵
    R Core Team. 2017. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Version 4.0.3. Vienna (Austria): R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org
  80. ↵
    1. Roman LA,
    2. Walker LA,
    3. Martineau CM,
    4. Muffly DJ,
    5. MacQueen SA,
    6. Harris W.
    2015. Stewardship matters: Case studies in establishment success of urban trees. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 14(4):1174–1182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.11.001
    OpenUrl
  81. ↵
    1. Salter J,
    2. Lu Y,
    3. Kim J,
    4. Kellett R,
    5. Girling C,
    6. Inomata F,
    7. Krahn A.
    2020. Iterative “What-If” neighborhood simulation: Energy and emissions impacts. Buildings and Cities. 1(1):293–307. https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.51
    OpenUrl
  82. ↵
    1. Santamour F.
    1990. Trees for urban planting: Diversity, uniformity and common sense. Proceedings of the 7th Conference of the Metropolitan Tree Improvement Alliance (METRIA). 7th Conference of the Metropolitan Tree Improvement Alliance; 1997 April 8-10; The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois, USA. p. 57–65. [Accessed 2023 February 7]. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267195067_Trees_for_urban_planting_Diversity_uniformity_and_common_sense
  83. ↵
    1. Scholz T,
    2. Hof A,
    3. Schmitt T.
    2018. Cooling effects and regulating ecosystem services provided by urban trees—Novel analysis approaches using urban tree cadastre data. Sustainability. 10(3):712. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10030712
    OpenUrl
  84. ↵
    Statistics Canada. 2016. The changing landscape of Canadian metropolitan areas. In: Human Activity and the Environment 2015. Ottawa (ON, Canada): Government of Canada and Statistics Canada. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 16-201-X. [Updated 2016 June 28; Accessed 2023 February 7]. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/16-201-x/16-201-x2016000-eng.pdf
  85. ↵
    Statistics Canada. 2017. Census Profile, 2016 Census [dataset]. Ottawa (ON, Canada): Government of Canada and Statistics Canada. [Accessed 2023 February 7]. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/download-telecharger/comp/page_dl-tc.cfm?Lang=E
  86. ↵
    Statistics Canada. 2019. 2016 Census—Boundary files: Dissemination areas cartographic boundary file [dataset]. Ottawa (ON, Canada): Government of Canada and Statistics Canada. [Accessed 2023 February 7]. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/geo/bound-limit/bound-limit-2016-eng.cfm
  87. ↵
    1. Staudhammer C,
    2. Escobedo F,
    3. Lawrence A,
    4. Duryea M,
    5. Smith P,
    6. Merritt M.
    2011. Rapid assessment of change and hurricane impacts to Houston’s urban forest structure. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 37(2):60–66. https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2011.009
    OpenUrl
  88. ↵
    1. van den Bosch M,
    2. Ode Sang Å.
    2017. Urban natural environments as nature-based solutions for improved public health—A systematic review of reviews. Environmental Research. 158:373–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.040
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  89. ↵
    1. Villeneuve PJ,
    2. Ysseldyk RL,
    3. Root A,
    4. Ambrose S,
    5. DiMuzio J,
    6. Kumar N,
    7. Shehata M,
    8. Xi M,
    9. Seed E,
    10. Li X,
    11. Shooshtari M,
    12. Rainham D.
    2018. Comparing the normalized difference vegetation index with the Google Street View measure of vegetation to assess associations between greenness, walkability, recreational physical activity, and health in Ottawa, Canada. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 15(8):1719. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081719
    OpenUrl
  90. ↵
    1. Wickham H.
    2016. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. New York (NY, USA): Springer-Verlag. https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org
  91. ↵
    1. Wickham H,
    2. Averick M,
    3. Bryan J,
    4. Chang W,
    5. McGowan LD,
    6. François R,
    7. Grolemund G,
    8. Hayes A,
    9. Henry L,
    10. Hester J,
    11. Kuhn M,
    12. Pedersen TL,
    13. Miller E,
    14. Bache SM,
    15. Müller K,
    16. Ooms J,
    17. Robinson D,
    18. Seidel DP,
    19. Spinu V,
    20. Takahashi K,
    21. Vaughan D,
    22. Wilke C,
    23. Woo K,
    24. Yutani H.
    2019. Welcome to the tidyverse. Journal of Open Source Software. 4(43):1686. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01686
    OpenUrl
  92. ↵
    1. Wilcoxon F.
    1945. Individual comparisons by ranking methods. Biometrics Bulletin. 1(6):80–83. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001968
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  93. ↵
    1. Ziter CD,
    2. Pedersen EJ,
    3. Kucharik CJ,
    4. Turner MG.
    2019. Scale-dependent interactions between tree canopy cover and impervious surfaces reduce daytime urban heat during summer. PNAS. 116(15):7575–7580. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.181756111
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
Next
Back to top

In this issue

Arboriculture & Urban Forestry: 51 (4)
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF)
Vol. 51, Issue 4
July 2025
  • Table of Contents
  • Table of Contents (PDF)
  • Index by author
Print
Download PDF
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on Arboriculture & Urban Forestry.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Modelling Four Neighbourhood-Scale Urban Forest Scenarios for 2050: Vancouver, Canada
(Your Name) has sent you a message from Arboriculture & Urban Forestry
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the Arboriculture & Urban Forestry web site.
Citation Tools
Modelling Four Neighbourhood-Scale Urban Forest Scenarios for 2050: Vancouver, Canada
Agatha Czekajlo, Zhaohua Cheng, Sara Barron, Cynthia Girling, Lorien Nesbitt
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF) Oct 2023, jauf.2023.025; DOI: 10.48044/jauf.2023.025

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
Modelling Four Neighbourhood-Scale Urban Forest Scenarios for 2050: Vancouver, Canada
Agatha Czekajlo, Zhaohua Cheng, Sara Barron, Cynthia Girling, Lorien Nesbitt
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF) Oct 2023, jauf.2023.025; DOI: 10.48044/jauf.2023.025
del.icio.us logo Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One
Bookmark this article

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Materials and Methods
    • Results
    • Discussion
    • Conclusions
    • Conflicts of Interest
    • Acknowledgements
    • Appendix
    • Literature Cited
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • No related articles found.
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • No citing articles found.
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • Contribution of Urban Trees to Ecosystem Services in Lisbon: A Comparative Study Between Gardens and Street Trees
  • Evaluation of Nature-Based and Traditional Solutions for Urban Soil Decompaction
  • Using the CSR Theory when Selecting Woody Plants for Urban Forests: Evaluation of 342 Trees and Shrubs
Show more Articles

Similar Articles

Keywords

  • Canopy Cover
  • Future Simulation
  • Proxy Model
  • Tree Planting
  • Urban Densification

© 2025 International Society of Arboriculture

Powered by HighWire