Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Upper leaf surface necrotic stipple on a Gleditsia triacanthos inermis ‘Imperial’ leaf one week after a 7½ hour fumigation with 0.5 ppm ozone.
- Figure 2.
Marginal and interveinal, bifacial necrosis on Gleditsia triacanthos inermis ‘Skyline’ leaves one week after a 7½ hour fumigation with 1.00 ppm sulfur dioxide.
Tables
- Table 1.
Tolerances (and injury index scores) of 32 urban-tree cultivars to ozone (O3) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), alone and in combination, as determined by chamber tests and to ambient oxidants (primarily ozone) as determined by field tests. The field exposure ratings are based on 3 years of field observations on the cultivars growing at 4 test sites in the greater New York City area.
Species Cultivar Tolerance1 (Injury index score) based on Chamber exposures to: Field exposure to oxidants O3 SO2 O3 + SO2 oxidants Acer platanoides Cleveland R(0) R(2) R(0) R Crimson King R(0) R(0) R(0) R Crimson Sentry R(0) I(12) R(1) R Columnar R(1) R(1) R)1) R Emerald Queen R(10) R(0) R(1) R Jade Glen R(9) R(2) R(2) R Schwedler I(12) R(4) I(12) R Summershade R(0) R(0) R(0) R Acer rubrum Autumn Flame R(0) R(0) R(0) R Bowhall I(15) R(1) S(64) R Red Sunset R(0) R(1) R(0) R Tilford R(2) S(54) R(2) R Acer saccharum Goldspire R(2) R(0) S(68) R Green Mountain R(0) R(0) R(8) R Temple’s Upright R(0) R(0) R(0) R Fagus sylvatica Rotundifolia R(0) R(0) R(0) R Fraxinus americana Autumn Purple S(62) S(183) S(39) R Fraxinus excelsior Hessei I(15) S(109) I(20) R Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall’s Seedless I(13) S(112) S(44) I Summit R(2) R(2) R(3) R Ginkgo biloba Autumn Gold R(0) I(14) R(2) R Fairmont R(0) R(1) I(14) R Fastigiate R(0) R(3) R(1) R Sentry R(0) R(0) R(0) R Gleditsia triacanthos inermis Emerald Lace S(115) R(6) R(8) R Imperial S(88) R(0) R(0) S Majestic S(80) S(104) R(0) R Shademaster S(76) R(0) R(1) I Skyline S(41) S(54) R(1) R Sunburst S(49) S(97) R(1) I Platanus acerifolia Bloodgood S(137) S(54) S(146) S Quercus robur Fastigiate S(32) R(0) R(1) I ↵1 S=sensitive, I=intermediate, R=tolerant
- Table 2.
Summary of the ozone levels recorded near the four test sites. The number of days that the 1-hour ozone concentration exceeded the federal standard of 0.12 ppm are listed along with the highest 1-hour ozone levels recorded during the year growing season at each location.
1977 1978 1979 Monitoring Station1 No. Days 0.12 ppm Highest Cone, (ppm) No. Days 0.12 ppm Highest Cone, (ppm) No. Days 0.12 ppm Highest Cone, (ppm) New York City 5 0.18 7 0.19 0 0.12 Poughkeepsie — — 4 0.16 0 0.10 New Brunswick — — 2 0.13 4 0.16 ↵1 The New York City monitoring site was within 3 miles of both the Rikers Island and New York Botanical Garden tree plots and the Poughkeepsie monitoring site was within 10 miles of the Cary Arboretum tree plot The New Brunswick ozone data was taken from a site within 13 miles of the Rutgers tree plot.
- Table 3.
The injury index scores for ozone symptoms on the Gleditsia triacanthos inermis ‘imperial’ and the Platanus acerifolia ‘Bloodgood’ at each site and for each year are shown below. Although there was considerable variation in the numerical scores, these two cultivars were consistently the most ozone sensitive at all four sites and for all three years.
Cultivar Location Injury index score1 1977 1978 1979 Average ‘Imperial’ Rikers Island 19 182 152 118 New York Botanical Garden — 215 52 134 Cary Arboretum 180 175 160 172 Rutgers — 66 89 112 89 Cultivar Average: 131 ‘Bloodgood’ Rikers Island 195 132 75 134 New York Botanical Garden — 65 40 53 Cary Arboretum 90 53 100 81 Rutgers — 114 120 117 Cultivar Average: 98 ↵1 Based on the four trees of each cultivar at each location and using the maximum injury scores for that growing season.
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