Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1.
The influence of soil decompaction on diameter at breast height (DBH)(percent increase) over a 3-year period. VM (vertical mulching); WCM (wood chip mulching); WC (white clover).
Treatment Month 4 Month 16 Month 28 Control 0.80a 0.64a 0.94a VM 1.46ab 2.10b 2.51b WCM 1.56b 2.23b 2.83bc VM + WCM 1.71b 2.61b 3.28bc VM + WCM + worms 2.20b 3.07b 3.75c VM + WC 1.70b 2.25b 2.76bc VM + WC + worms 2.29b 2.12b 3.19bc Significance over time Month (time) 0.608 Treatment < 0.001 Month (time) × treatment 0.167 Numbers within a column followed by a common letter are not significantly different according to Tukey’s honestly significance test (P = 0.05). For treatment descriptions, see Materials and Methods.
- Table 2.
The influence of soil decompaction on tree canopy density over a 3-year period. VM (vertical mulching); WCM (wood chip mulching); WC (white clover).
Treatment Month 4 Month 16 Month 28 Control 47.5a 49.0a 50.0a VM 50.0ab 52.0ab 55.5ab WCM 50.5ab 53.5ab 57.5bc VM + WCM 52.5ab 56.0bc 61.0bcd VM + WCM + worms 54.5b 57.0bc 62.5cd VM + WC 54.5b 57.5bc 64.5de VM + WC + worms 54.5b 60.0c 68.5e Significance over time Month (time) 0.602 Treatment 0.010 Month (time) × treatment 0.200 Numbers within a column followed by a common letter are not significantly different according to Tukey’s honestly significance test (P = 0.05). For treatment description, see Materials and Methods (Winn and Araman 2010).
- Table 3.
The influence of soil decompaction on bulk density over a 3-year period. VM (vertical mulching); WCM (wood chip mulching); WC (white clover).
Treatment Month 4 Month 16 Month 28 Month 16 Month 28 Inside canopy Outside canopy Control 1.80d 1.81c 1.81c 1.80d 1.80d VM 1.68c 1.50b 1.40a 1.69c 1.62c WCM 1.69c 1.55b 1.51b 1.68c 1.60c VM + WCM 1.64bc 1.41a 1.40a 1.66c 1.60c VM + WCM + worms 1.59ab 1.37a 1.32a 1.43a 1.49b VM + WC 1.66bc 1.41a 1.38a 1.68c 1.59c VM + WC + worms 1.51a 1.38a 1.37a 1.54b 1.38a Significance over time Month (time) 0.967 0.943 Treatment < 0.001 0.001 Month (time) × treatment < 0.001 0.387 Numbers within a column followed by a common letter are not significantly different according to Tukey’s honestly significance test (P = 0.05). For treatment description, see Materials and Methods.
- Table 4.
The influence of soil decompaction on soil organic matter content over a 3-year period. VM (vertical mulching); WCM (wood chip mulching); WC (white clover).
Treatment Month 4 Month 16 Month 28 Month 16 Month 28 Inside canopy Outside canopy Control 4.56a 5.04a 4.97a 5.23a 5.21a VM 5.33bc 5.47ab 4.97a 5.71ab 5.29a WCM 5.15ab 7.23de 7.22b 6.44c 6.50bc VM + WCM 5.87c 7.30e 7.48b 6.90c 6.90c VM + WCM + worms 5.89c 6.08bc 5.63a 6.32bc 6.14b VM + WC 5.60bc 7.17de 7.44b 6.39bc 6.43bc VM + WC + worms 5.73bc 6.61cd 6.86b 6.52c 6.09b Significance over time Month (time) 0.070 0.644 Treatment < 0.001 0.041 Month (time) × treatment < 0.001 0.270 Numbers within a column followed by a common letter are not significantly different according to Tukey’s honestly significance test (P = 0.05). For treatment description, see Materials and Methods.
- Table 5.
The influence of soil decompaction on soil ENR (estimated nitrogen release)(g/m2) over a 3-year period. VM (vertical mulching); WCM (wood chip mulching); WC (white clover).
Treatment Month 4 Month 16 Month 28 Month 16 Month 28 Inside canopy Outside canopy Control 15.0a 15.3a 14.6a 15.4a 14.9a VM 16.0ab 16.6ab 17.4b 15.9ab 16.0ab WCM 18.3c 19.5cd 19.8c 16.7b 17.6cd VM + WCM 16.6b 20.3d 20.5c 17.0b 18.3d VM + WCM + worms 16.2ab 16.8ab 17.6b 16.4ab 16.9bc VM + WC 17.1bc 19.4cd 19.1c 16.7b 17.7cd VM + WC + worms 16.9bc 18.0bc 17.3b 16.0ab 16.7bc Significance over time Month (time) 0.420 0.390 Treatment < 0.001 0.001 Month (time) × treatment < 0.001 0.050 Numbers within a column followed by a common letter are not significantly different according to Tukey’s honestly significance test (P = 0.05). For treatment description, see Materials and Methods.
- Table 6.
The influence of soil decompaction on calico strip degradation at month 28. VM (vertical mulching); WCM (wood chip mulching); WC (white clover).
Treatment Inside canopy Outside canopy Control 11.0a 8.5a VM 31.5b 9.5a WCM 40.0c 9.0a VM + WCM 57.0d 10.5a VM + WCM + worms 72.0e 47.0c VM + WC 32.5b 10.0a VM + WC + worms 38.0bc 32.5b Significance of treatment < 0.001 < 0.001 Numbers within a column followed by a common letter are not significantly different according to Tukey’s honestly significance test (P = 0.05). For treatment description, see Materials and Methods.
- Table 7.
The influence of soil decompaction on root dry weight (mg/g soil dry weight) at month 16. VM (vertical mulching); WCM (wood chip mulching); WC (white clover).
Treatment Inside canopy Outside canopy Control 0.743a 0.742a VM 1.094a 0.868a WCM 1.349a 0.928a VM + WCM 1.576a 0.777a VM + WCM + worms 1.687a 1.140a VM + WC 0.962a 0.638a VM + WC + worms 1.319a 1.164a Significance of treatment 0.350 0.414 Numbers within a column followed by a common letter are not significantly different based on Bonferroni-adjusted pairwise comparisons of estimated marginal means from a generalized linear model (GLM) with α = 0.05. For treatment description, see Materials and Methods
- Table 8.
The influence of soil decompaction on earthworm count at Month 16 and 28. VM (vertical mulching); WCM (wood chip mulching); WC (white clover).
Treatment Month 16 Month 28 Month 16 Month 28 Inside canopy Outside canopy Control 0.2a 0.3a 0.1a 0.2a VM 0.3a 0.3a 0.3a 0.3a WCM 0.5a 0.0a 0.4a 0.2a VM + WCM 0.3a 0.1a 0.4a 0.2a VM + WCM + worms 2.6b 1.0b 2.9b 1.2b VM + WC 0.7a 0.4a 0.7a 0.7ab VM + WC + worms 2.1b 1.0b 2.2b 1.2b Significance over time Month (time) 0.559 0.653 Treatment < 0.001 < 0.001 Month (time) × treatment 0.993 0.762 Numbers within a column followed by a common letter are not significantly different based on Bonferroni-adjusted pairwise comparisons of estimated marginal means from a generalized linear model (GLM) with α = 0.05. For treatment description, see Materials and Methods.
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