Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Study site location at the University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.
- Figure 2.
Tree trimming specifications include Scheduled Maintenance Trimming (SMT) and Enhanced Tree Trimming (ETT). SMT is characterized by trimming branches 15 feet (4.5 meters) above, 8 feet (1.2 meters) to the side, and 10 feet (3 meters) below utility equipment while ETT is characterized by trimming branches to 8 feet (1.2 meters) on both sides of utility equipment.
- Figure 3.
Δ (change) across displacement and frequency for trimming types, Control, Enhanced Tree Trimming (ETT), and Scheduled Maintenance Trimming (SMT) with a dashed line representing baseline at zero. Top: Change in maximum displacement in the 90th percentile in meters between 11.33 to 13.33 meters per second (m/s) wind speed conditions across trimming types. No statistically significant difference across treatment groups (n = 24, P = 0.788) or for individual comparisons with controls for either ETT (P = 0.497) or SMT (P = 0.742). Middle: Change in maximum displacement around the median in meters between 6.33 to 8.33 m/s wind speed conditions across trimming types. Statistically significant difference across treatment groups (n = 24, P = 0.032) and for individual comparisons with controls for ETT (P = 0.042) and SMT (P = 0.015). Bottom: The change in frequency between pre and post conditions across trimming types. No statistically significant difference among treatments (n = 25, P = 0.472) and individual comparisons between treatment and controls (ETT; P = 0.645) and (SMT; P = 0.424).
- Figure 4.
Welch’s 2-sample t-test between Enhanced Tree Trimming (ETT) and Scheduled Maintenance Trimming (SMT) for each Δ (change) in structural predictor with dashed line representing baseline at zero; (n = 15). Top: Change in Crown Diameter to Crown Height Ratio (P = 0.050); Second: Change in Crown Area (P = 0.257); Middle: Change in Crown Asymmetry (P = 0.719); Fourth: Change in Crown Evenness (P = 0.560); Bottom: Change in Total Volume (P = 0.819).
- Figure S1.
Spectral diagram showing the estimated dominant fundamental frequency for Tree #4902, which is a 45.2 cm Carya tomentosa (Mockernut Hickory) tree, using a fast fourier transform in R.
- Figure S2.
Terrestrial Laser Scanning field scan position layout design for each focal tree.
- Figure S3.
All study trees maximum crown displacement (meters) and maximum speed (m/s) per 10-minute period for all available data pre- and post-trimming across the 3 treatment types control (top), Enhanced Tree Trimming (ETT)(middle), and Scheduled Maintenance Trimming (SMT)(bottom). Displacement curves are colored by conditions, pre- (blue) and post- (orange).
- Figure S4.
Correlation matrix for structural predictors against the 3 response variables Delta_Freq (change in frequency between pre- and post-conditions across trimming types), Delta_median_maxD (maximum displacement around the median – change in median displacement in meters between 6.33 to 8.33 m/s wind speed conditions), and Delta_90_maxD (maximum displacement in the 90th percentile – change in maximum displacement in meters between 11.33 to 13.33 m/s wind speed conditions) with P-values displayed for non-significant correlations.
Tables
- Table 1.
Coefficients for linear models for displacement and frequency for study trees (n = 24). Average wind speed corresponds to wind data between 6.33 to 8.33 m/s; high wind speed corresponds to wind data between 11.33 to 13.33 m/s. AIC = Akaike information criterion.
Response variable Intercept Predictor variables Evaluation criteria Crown volume asymmetry Crown diameter to height ratio Crown evenness Marginal R-squared (R2m) Conditional R-squared (R2c) AIC Average wind speed displacement 0.05 0.21 0.12 0.15 -14.2 0.03 -0.12 0.09 0.09 -13.0 0.03 -0.09 0.08 0.08 -12.5 High wind speed displacement 0.09 0.44 -0.27 0.12 0.36 18.4 0.03 -0.23 0.02 0.19 18.2 0.08 0.54 0.07 0.33 16.6 0.04 -0.33 17.6 Frequency 0.008 -0.06 0.24 0.32 -46.2 Tree tag # Site Species DBH (cm) Height (m) Trimming Type 4902 IPB Carya tomentosa 45.2 27.6 ETT 4903 IPB Quercus velutina 48 21.5 SMT 4906 IPB Quercus alba 48.1 24.1 Control 4907 IPB Acer rubrum 64.2 23.8 Control 4908 IPB Acer rubrum 47.9 25.8 ETT 4912 IPB Carya ovata 42.9 30.8 SMT 4913 IPB Carya ovata 43.9 28.0 Control 4914 IPB Quercus alba 74.7 27.6 ETT 4915 PHSE Carya ovata 37.6 25.6 Control 4918 PHSE Carya ovata 37.4 21.1 SMT 4919 PHSE Quercus alba 69.7 24.8 SMT 4920 PHSE Quercus velutina 44.7 26.5 Control 4921 PHSE Acer rubrum 44.4 21.5 ETT 4922 PHSE Quercus alba 53.4 25.2 ETT 4924 PHSE Acer rubrum 36.4 21.0 Control 4925 TNPK Carya ovata 44.2 30.7 Control 4926 TNPK Carya ovata 49.1 31.1 ETT 4927 TNPK Acer saccharum 45.1 27.5 SMT 4928 TNPK Acer saccharum 43.2 27.9 Control 4929 TNPK Acer saccharum 39.8 24.9 Control 4930 TNPK Acer saccharum 34.5 22.4 SMT 4931 TNPK Carya ovata 44.3 30.8 SMT 4932 TNPK Carya ovata 32.9 26.2 ETT 4933 TNPK Acer saccharum 40.7 22.7 ETT - Table S2.
Selected and analyzed structural metrics obtained from QSMs (quantitative structural models) from the ITSMe R package (Terryn et al. 2023). Descriptions from Åkerblom et al. (2017), Terryn et al. (2020), and using the TreeQSM_Architecture matlab functions (Jackson et al. 2019b).
Number Name Abbreviation Description Source 1 Crown Height ch Vertical distance between the highest and lowest crown cylinder relative to tree height. ITSMe (Terryn et al. 2023) 2 Crown Evenness ce Crown cylinder divided into 8 angular bins. Ratio between extreme minimum heights in bins. ITSMe (Terryn et al. 2023) 3 Crown Diameter to Crown Height Ratio cdhr Ratio between crown diameter and crown height. ITSMe (Terryn et al. 2023) 4 Crown Area ca Maximum ground area covered by the crown viewed from above. The crown is defined as all the cylinders with branching order greater than one, which is given by the QSM fitting software. TreeQSM_Architecture (Jackson et al. 2019b) 5 Crown Volume Asymmetry c_asym The ratio of mean to maximum woody volume contained in each segment of crown. These segments were defined starting from the position of the base of the tree and summing the volume cylinders in the crown between angles 0 to 458°, 46 to 908°, etc. TreeQSM_Architecture (Jackson et al. 2019b) 6 Total Volume tv Total volume of all cylinders that make up the tree. TreeQSM_Architecture (Jackson et al. 2019b)
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