Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
PRISMA flow diagram of the resource-screening and article-selection process. Adapted from Page et al. 2021.
- Figure 2.
Number of articles published over time about conflict and collaboration in urban forestry.
- Figure 3.
Geographic distribution of literature on conflict and collaboration in urban forestry. Darker shades illustrate where in the world more research is done that discusses conflict and collaboration in urban forestry. Count reflects how many articles were identified from each geographic region.
Tables
- Table 1.
Codes stemmed from the research questions and study goals and the expected responses of each.
Review questions Possible responses What are the definitions of conflicts in urban forest management provided in the paper? Open-ended and coded qualitatively What are the definitions of collaborations in urban forest management provided in the paper? Open-ended and coded qualitatively What research methods were used? Qualitative (interviews, focus groups, participant observation, etc.) Quantitative (US Census, survey questionnaire, etc.) Mixed methods Other, explain What locations were studied? Country, city/community block, etc. What is the context around the conflicts and/or collaborations studied? Open-ended based on research item and coded qualitatively What types of theories, if any, were used to study conflict and collaboration? Open-ended based on research item What stakeholders were involved at what different scales? Open- and close-ended based on research item using the following options: Government agencies
Nonprofit or volunteer organizations
Extension agents
Private consultants/private forestry professionals
Non-expert public
Stakeholders within agency, between agency, between public/agency
Did not specify any stakeholders
What lessons were learned that can enhance the management of urban forests? Open-ended based on research item and coded qualitatively What are the research gaps/opportunities for future research on conflict and collaboration? Open-ended based on research item and coded qualitatively - Table 2.
Research scale used in literature about conflict and collaboration in urban forestry.
Research scale Count Community 12 City 81 Regional 30 National 33 Multinational 10 Other 54 Categorization Theories Number of articles (n = 73) Theories of motivation, cognition, and reasoning Grounded theory (1) 1 Morals, intuitions, culture, and identity-based theories Framing (2); place attachment (2); Pradya’s framework for inclusive design (1); Critical property theory/Postcolonial theory (5); Culture theory (2) 12 Trust, negotiations, and public involvement Citizen science (3); stakeholder engagement (3); social impact model (3); participatory planning (3); interdisciplinary collaboration (3); collective memory/social learning (3); social diffusion (5); Janis and Mann Conflict Model of Decision-Making (1) 24 Organizational theories Institutional analysis and development (4) 4 Systems theories Ecosystem services (5); social-ecological systems (5); systems thinking/ collaborative conceptual modeling (5); Clark’s model of urban forest sustainability (5); policy arrangement approach (1); urban political ecology (1) 22 Other Nature-based solutions (5); social housing regulatory framework (1); City Biodiversity Index (1); Liberal model of social integration (3) 10 What factors contribute to conflicts? Factors that contribute to conflicts Number of articles Unaligned or differing goals (i.e., management, development, land use, recreation, fire prevention, landscape preferences, invasive species management, etc.) 96 Lack of or poor communication with the public 61 Maintenance 54 Stakeholders and social factors 51 Lack of resources (i.e., budget and staffing, financial, environmental, access and inclusion, policy and planning) 47 Lack of or poor communication with other institutions 37 Safety 35 Lack of or poor communication within the institution 26 Planning, policy, or political issues 20 Management 16 Land use and development 15 Infrastructure and resource allocation 15 Environmental concerns 11 Tree services and tree equity 10 Policy and planning 9 Climate change and sustainability 8 Risk and disasters 5 What type of conflicts were identified? Frequency of conflicts (n = 143) Total Conflicts between professionals and the general public 89 Conflicts between professionals 53 Conflicts within the general public 51 Collaborative processes (larger themes) Examples of collaboration Number of articles referenced Communication Communication within organizations 30 Communications with other organizations 52 Communication with the public 67 Process or operational features Maintenance schedules and defined tasks 12 Meeting frequency and access 11 Organization structure 20 Use of strategic plan 45 Shared beliefs and desires Shared goals 67 Shared values 59
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