Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Conceptual model of research.
- Figure 2.
Location of study areas.
- Figure 3.
Construct reliability and validity.
- Figure 4.
Path coefficients of structural equation model.
- Figure 5.
T-statistics of indicators and items of the structural equation model.
Tables
- Table 1.
Research indicators and affecting items that have been considered in the questionnaires.
Indicators Items Labels References Benefits References Perceptual Positive stimulation of the sense of sight (natural forms and elements in landscape or natural attractions) PCP1 & PCP2 Velarde et al. 2007; Grinde and Patil 2009; Cameron et al. 2020; Kolokotsa et al. 2020; Russo and Andreucci 2023 Psychological well-being: decrease depression, dejection, anger, aggression, frustration, hostility, and stress, and increase creativity, happiness, calmness, comfort, refreshment, vitality, and vigor Kaplan and Kaplan 1989a, 1989b; Morita et al. 2007; Sugiyama et al. 2008; Nisbet et al. 2011; Kamitsis and Francis 2013; MacKerron and Mourato 2013; Lee et al. 2014; Tyrväinen et al. 2014 Positive stimulation of the sense of smell (aromatic plant species) PCP3 & PCP4 Arslan et al. 2018; Jiang et al. 2021 Positive stimulation of the sense of hearing (sound-scape: the rustling of leaves, the sound of birds and water) PCP5 & PCP6 Gascon et al. 2017; White et al. 2020 Sense of security and surveillance (proper lighting at night) PCP7 & PCP8 Karimi et al. 2022; Kimic and Polko 2022 Sense of belonging to a place (use of native plants and local symbols) PCP9 & PCP10 Horwitz et al. 2001; Hausmann et al. 2016 Visual Biodiversity (diversity of plants and animals) VIS1 & VIS2 Sandifer et al. 2015; Marselle et al. 2019; Cameron et al. 2020; Marselle et al. 2021 Lighting quality (continuous and regular lighting) VIS3 & VIS4 Bahriny and Bell 2020; Karimi et al. 2022; Kimic and Polko 2022 Legibility and continuity of space (legible and attractive space without confusion) VIS5 & VIS6 Sullivan and Chang 2011; Razmara et al. 2021; Azizkhani 2022 Variety of plants (diversity and attractiveness in the color and form of different plants) VIS7 & VIS8 Muratet et al. 2015; Southon et al. 2018; Wood et al. 2018 Functional Platform for social interactions (existence of gathering places for social interactions) FNC1 & FNC2 Jennings and Bamkole 2019; Enssle and Kabisch 2020 Reduced blood pressure and cortisol levels; reduced stress/less stress-related illness/improved physiological functioning; reduced pulse/heart rate; reduced obesity Moore et al. 1982; Thompson et al. 2012; Loreau and de Mazancourt 2013; Tsunetsugu et al. 2013; Astell-Burt et al. 2014; Lee et al. 2014; Song et al. 2014 Physical activity (platforms for sports activities and walking) FNC3 & FNC4 Guite et al. 2006; Liu et al. 2017; Han and Hyun 2019; Kolokotsa et al. 2020; Coventry et al. 2021 Justice of age groups (facilities and entertainment for all age groups) FNC5 & FNC6 Steigen et al. 2018; Kolokotsa et al. 2020 Gender justice (accessible and usable green space for all groups of people) FNC7 & FNC8 Li et al. 2020; Kato-Huerta and Geneletti 2022; Sillman et al. 2022; Rahimi et al. 2023 Variable Response category Percentage Variable Response category Frequency Percentage Gender Female 35.4 Economic level Poor 73 26.4 Male 64.6 Middle 162 58.5 Marital status Single 35.7 Good 31 11.2 Married 63.9 Great 11 4.0 Age 20-34 39.7 Education level Under diploma 30 10.8 35-49 36.8 Diploma 87 31.4 50 and above 23.5 Bachelor 119 43.0 Master and higher 41 14.8 Path Path coefficient T-statistic P-value Remark Perceptual -> Mental health and well-being 0.291 4.778 0.000 Significant Visual -> Mental health and well-being 0.458 8.243 0.000 Significant Functional -> Mental health and well-being 0.201 4.175 0.000 Significant Visual -> Perceptual 0.398 6.633 0.000 Significant Visual -> Functional 0.719 21.410 0.000 Significant Functional -> Perceptual 0.406 6.832 0.000 Significant Indicators Items Label T-statistics P-value Remark Perceptual Positive stimulation of the sense of sight PCP1 10.323 0.000 Significant PCP2 12.108 Positive stimulation of the sense of smell PCP3 10.134 0.000 Significant PCP4 22.137 Positive stimulation of the sense of hearing PCP5 4.301 0.000 Significant PCP6 18.350 Sense of security and surveillance PCP7 11.567 0.000 Significant PCP8 4.826 Sense of belonging to a place PCP9 5.790 0.000 Significant PCP10 7.927 Visual Biodiversity VIS1 24.320 0.000 Significant VIS2 40.703 Lighting quality VIS3 28.393 0.000 Significant VIS4 29.805 Legibility and continuity of space VIS5 44.387 0.000 Significant VIS6 32.441 Variety of plants VIS7 21.284 0.000 Significant VIS8 29.031 Functional Platform for social interactions FNC1 11.927 0.000 Significant FNC2 11.494 Physical activity FNC3 41.478 0.000 Significant FNC4 29.316 Justice of age groups FNC5 21.470 0.000 Significant FNC6 40.537 Gender justice FNC7 19.352 0.000 Significant FNC8 20.514 Item Gender N Mean rank Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) Gender justice Female 98 149.27 0.078 Male 177 131.76
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