Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Maps of the real neighbourhood (top left) located in the City of Vancouver (Southeast Vancouver region), British Columbia, Canada (bottom left), and representative “sandbox” model for baseline 2020 built-form condition (top right). The baseline 2020 sandbox model included 7,125 buildings, while building count in the 2050 model decreased by approximately 100 buildings (7,019 buildings total) due to increased dwelling density. Imagery from Planet Team (2017), land use data from Metro Vancouver Regional District (2020), parcel and dwelling unit counts based on BC Assessment (2019) data, and resident counts based on Statistics Canada (2017, 2019) data.
- Figure 2.
Semi-automated modelling procedure of tree quantifications, species selections, and locations. “Rules” refers to scripting through R software, except for manual placement (which was conducted in ArcGIS software). “Aged-out” trees refers to trees removed between baseline and future scenarios. “Existing” trees are trees that were not removed since baseline and remain in future scenarios. “Replacement” trees are new trees provided to future scenarios in place of aged-out trees. “Additional” trees are new trees that are provided to the future models to achieve scenario and location-based tree counts.
- Figure 3.
Count and percentage of trees per location (private, park/civic, street) and size (S – small, M – medium, L – large) for baseline 2020 (B) and each future scenario (S1–S4).
- Figure 4.
Boxplot of crown radius (m) for baseline and future scenarios (S1, S2/S3, S4) per planting location (park/civic, private, street). Within boxes, solid black lines denote median values while large solid black dots indicate mean values. Boxes extend from the 25th to the 75th percentile of each group’s distribution of values (i.e., interquartile range [IQR]); vertical lines extend to the “minimum” (i.e., 25th percentile – [1.5 × IQR]) and “maximum” (i.e., 75th percentile + [1.5 × IQR]); small black dots denote observations outside the range of adjacent values (i.e., outliers). Mean, median, and IQR values are outlined in Table S7.
- Figure 5.
Maps of baseline (2020) and 4 future scenario (S1–4; 2050) models showing tree density (gaussian kernel per 1 m2 grid size; weighted by crown radius) and individual trees sized by crown radius.
- Figure S1.
Maps of the Southeast False Creek Community Public Realm development in Vancouver, Canada for 2006 (prior development; orthophoto imagery retrieved from City of Vancouver Open Data Portal 2010) and 2015 (post development; orthophoto imagery retrieved from City of Vancouver Open Data Portal 2020).
- Figure S2.
Boxplot of tree height (m) for baseline and future scenarios (S1, S2/S3, S4) per planting location (park/civic, private, street). Within boxes, solid black lines denote median values, while large solid black dots indicate mean values. Boxes extend from the 25th to the 75th percentile of each group’s distribution of values (i.e., interquartile range [IQR]); vertical lines extend to the “minimum” (i.e., 25th percentile – [1.5 × IQR]) and “maximum” (i.e., 75th percentile + [1.5 × IQR]); small black dots denote observations outside the range of adjacent values (i.e., outliers). Mean, median, and IQR values are outlined in Table S7.
Tables
- Table 1.
Summary of future planting scenario rules, including mortality rates, rates of replacement and additional trees, species lists and mixes, as well as the general placement of additional trees. “Aged-out trees” refers to trees removed between baseline and future scenarios. “Replacement trees” are new trees provided to future scenarios in place of aged-out trees. “Additional trees” are new trees that are provided to the future models to achieve scenario and location-based tree counts. CA (climate-adapted); L (large); M (medium); m (metre); S (small); SE (southeast); SW (southwest).
Attribute Location S1 2050: Existing policy S2 2050: Existing policy + CA trees S3 2050: Target building shading S4 2050: Maximize tree canopy Mortality rate (annual)a Street 2.6% 2.1% 1.6% Park/civic 2.2% 1.7% 1.2% Private 4.6% 4.1% 3.6% Replacement tree rate 1:1 ratio of replacement to aged-out trees; 2:1 ratio of replacement to aged-out trees for small trees on developed parcels Additional tree rate Street 150% of area-based planting rate (City of Vancouver and Vancouver Park Board 2018) Same as S1-3 for regular parks; maximized canopy cover for partially forested parks Doubled the planting rate of S1-3 Park/civic Same as S1-3 for regular parks; maximized canopy cover for partially forested parks Private 80% parcels with ≥ 1 tree; developed parcels followed city bylawb 100% parcels with ≥ 2 trees; same as S1-3 for developed parcels Species list All City of Vancouver tree list (City of Vancouver 2011) Metro Vancouver CA tree list (Diamond Head Consulting 2019) Same as S2 and S3; 2nd rows of select species for blue-green streetsc Species mix All 30% per family, 20% per genus, 10% per speciesd Tree size proportions Street 21% L, 37% M, 42% S (about the same as baseline 2020) Same as S1-3; 42% L, 58% M for blue-green streets Park/civic 45%L, 50% M, 5% S Same as S1-3; 50% L, 50% M for partially forested parks Private 2% L, 48% M, 50% S 2% L, 54% M, 44% S General placement of additional trees Street Prioritized streets with low existing tree cover (i.e., < 6 trees per 100 m) or adjacent to the parcel with school (civic land use) Filled gaps on streets; added 2nd tree rows for blue-green streets; prioritized streets with < 8 trees per 100 m Park/civic Ring of trees around parcel boundary Ring of trees around parcel boundary; groups of > 5 trees Same as S2-3; infilled for partially forested parks Private Randomly distributed At least 1 new deciduous tree placed at SW corner of principal building At least 2 new deciduous trees placed at SW and SE corners of principal building Spacing requirements Street 11 m for L, 10 m for M, 9.5 m for S Same as S1-3; 10 m for L, 9.5 m for M, 9 m for S in same row for blue-green streets Park/civic 1.5 m from buildings; no planting on sport fields; 4 m spacing and closer to the center (away from streets) for conifers Private 1.5 m from buildings; 2.5 m from any other tree ↵a S1 mortality rates were based on the higher median annual mortality rates per planting location as reported in Hilbert et al. (2018). For S2-3, we deducted 0.5% from S1 mortality rates to reflect the policy changes that would provide better tree planting and tree care. For S4, another 0.5% was deducted (1% deduction from S1) per planting location to show maximum level of tree planting and tree care.
↵b Protection of Trees Bylaw 9958 (City of Vancouver 2010): the current requirements on the number of trees per site is specified in Schedule C of the Protection of Trees Bylaw by the City of Vancouver. A higher number of trees are required for a larger site, and the minimum requirement is 2 trees per site (for sites that are no larger than 365 m2). Trees were applied as per bylaw up to allowable space.
↵c Blue-green streets include trees and other green infrastructure designed to manage water cycles (e.g., water quality and flood risk management), enhance access to urban green space, and provide other ecosystem services, such as heat mitigation and air quality improvement (City of Vancouver 2023a).
↵d Based on the ‘10-20-30’ rule for tree diversity presented by Santamour (1990).
- Table 2.
Annual mortality rates (% per year) and tree counts of aged-out, existing, replacement, and additional trees per location for the baseline and each future scenario (S1–4). “Aged-out trees” refers to trees removed between baseline and future scenarios. “Existing trees” are trees that were not removed since baseline and remain in future scenarios. “Replacement trees” are new trees provided to future scenarios in place of aged-out trees. “Additional trees” are new trees that are provided to the future models to achieve scenario and location-based tree counts. S2 and S3 share tree counts and characteristics, other than S3 having some strategically placed private trees to target their shading potential for buildings. CA (climate-adapted); NA (not applicable).
Location Tree status Baseline 2020 S1 2050: Existing policy S2 2050: Existing policy + CA trees S3 2050: Target building shading S4 2050: Maximize tree canopy Street Mortality rate (annual) NA 2.6% 2.1% 2.1% 1.6% Aged-out trees NA 1,389 1,197 1,197 976 Existing trees 2,542 1,153 1,345 1,345 1,566 Replacement trees NA 1,389 1,197 1,197 976 Additional trees NA 1,512 1,152 1,152 3,288 Park/civic Mortality rate (annual) NA 2.2% 1.7% 1.7% 1.2% Aged-out trees NA 203 168 168 124 Existing trees 426 225 258 258 302 Replacement trees NA 212 176 176 143 Additional trees NA 340 340 340 1,043 Private Mortality rate (annual) NA 4.6% 4.1% 4.1% 3.6% Aged-out trees NA 853 805 805 753 Existing trees 1,122 267 317 317 369 Replacement trees NA 903 856 856 741 Additional trees NA 4,227 4,227 4,227 7,395 Total 4,090 10,228 10,228 10,228 15,823 - Table 3.
Summary of canopy cover (ha and % of total sandbox area) attributed to trees planted in each location (street, park/civic, private) and total for each scenario. CA (climate-adapted); NA (not applicable).
Metric Location Baseline 2020 S1 2050: Existing policy S2 2050: Existing policy + CA trees S3 2050: Target building shading S4 2050: Maximize tree canopy Canopy cover (ha; %) Street 10.11 (4%) 10.77 (4%) 11.06 (4%) 11.07 (4%) 16.69 (6%) Park/civic 2.66 (1%) 3.56 (1%) 3.19 (1%) 3.21 (1%) 6.27 (2%) Private 4.32 (2%) 8.44 (3%) 10.61 (4%) 10.57 (4%) 17.19 (7%) Total 16.99 (7%) 22.6 (9%) 24.70 (10%) 24.70 (10%) 40.44 (16%) Canopy volume (m3) Total 642,552 890,621 758,152 758,152 1,234,768 Tree count Total 4,090 10,228 10,228 10,228 15,823 - Table 4.
Summary of canopy cover (ha and %) of total sandbox area, as well as parcel- and street segment-based mean, associated with trees aged out since baseline (2020) and replacement trees for each scenario. “Aged-out trees” refers to trees removed between baseline and future scenarios. “Replacement trees” are new trees provided to future scenarios in place of aged-out trees. The percent decrease (%) between aged-out and replacement trees’ canopy cover was also calculated: ([Aged-out – Replacement] ÷ |Aged-out|) × 100%.
Scenario Location Aged-out total area (ha [%]) Replacement total area (ha [%]) Percent decrease total area (%) Aged-out mean area (ha [%]) Replacement mean area (ha [%]) Percent decrease mean area (%) S1 2050: Existing policy Street 4.41 (1.70%) 3.87 (1.49%) 12% 0.0161 (6.17%) 0.0134 (5.05%) 17% Park/civic 1.48 (0.57%) 1.04 (0.40%) 30% 0.2702 (7.38%) 0.1699 (4.85%) 37% Private 3.38 (1.30%) 1.36 (0.52%) 60% 0.0017 (3.97%) 0.0007 (1.59%) 59% Total 9.23 (3.55%) 6.26 (2.41%) 32% 0.0032 (4.13%) 0.0019 (1.84%) 41% S2 2050: Existing policy + CA trees Street 3.76 (1.45%) 3.37 (1.30%) 10% 0.0139 (5.34%) 0.0120 (4.48%) 14% Park/civic 1.39 (0.53%) 0.76 (0.29%) 45% 0.2553 (7.15%) 0.1123 (3.83%) 56% Private 3.25 (1.25%) 1.65 (0.63%) 49% 0.0016 (3.69%) 0.0007 (1.68%) 56% Total 8.37 (3.22%) 5.76 (2.22%) 31% 0.0029 (3.81%) 0.0017 (1.88%) 41% S3 2050: Target building shading Street 3.76 (1.45%) 3.37 (1.30%) 10% 0.0139 (5.34%) 0.0120 (4.48%) 14% Park/civic 1.39 (0.53%) 0.76 (0.29%) 45% 0.2553 (7.15%) 0.1123 (3.83%) 56% Private 3.25 (1.25%) 1.65 (0.63%) 49% 0.0016 (3.69%) 0.0007 (1.68%) 56% Total 8.37 (3.22%) 5.76 (2.22%) 31% 0.0029 (3.81%) 0.0017 (1.88%) 41% S4 2050: Maximize tree canopy Street 3.02 (1.16%) 2.77 (1.06%) 8% 0.0115 (4.46%) 0.0100 (3.71%) 13% Park/civic 1.26 (0.48%) 0.69 (0.27%) 45% 0.2079 (6.13%) 0.0900 (3.51%) 57% Private 3.15 (1.21%) 1.40 (0.54%) 56% 0.0015 (3.47%) 0.0006 (1.40%) 60% Total 7.39 (2.84%) 4.85 (1.87%) 34% 0.0027 (3.54%) 0.0014 (1.57%) 48% - Table 5.
Summary of mean tree height (m), crown radius (m), and canopy volume (m3) for aged-out trees and replacement trees per location for each scenario. “Aged-out trees” refers to trees removed between baseline and future scenarios. “Replacement trees” are new trees provided to future scenarios in place of aged-out trees. The percent change (%) between aged-out and replacement trees’ measures was also calculated: ([Aged-out – Replacement] ÷ |Aged-out|) × 100%.
Measure Scenario Location Aged-out trees mean Replacement trees mean Percent change Tree height (m) S1 2050: Existing policy Street 9.01 8.73 −3% Park/civic 14.20 14.10 −1% Private 10.20 6.26 −39% S2 2050: Existing policy + CA trees Street 8.98 8.33 −7% Park/civic 15.40 10.90 −29% Private 10.30 7.19 −30% S3 2050: Target building shading Street 8.98 8.33 −7% Park/civic 15.40 10.90 −29% Private 10.30 7.19 −30% S4 2050: Maximize tree canopy Street 8.92 8.34 −7% Park/civic 17.20 11.50 −33% Private 10.50 7.11 −32% Crown radius (m) S1 2050: Existing policy Street 2.85 2.61 −8% Park/civic 4.70 3.94 −16% Private 3.23 2.09 −35% S2 2050: Existing policy + CA trees Street 2.83 2.77 −2% Park/civic 5.08 3.62 −29% Private 3.25 2.39 −26% S3 2050: Target building shading Street 2.83 2.77 −2% Park/civic 5.08 3.62 −29% Private 3.25 2.39 −26% S4 2050: Maximize tree canopy Street 2.82 2.78 −1% Park/civic 5.70 3.83 −33% Private 3.33 2.37 −29% Canopy volume (m3) S1 2050: Existing policy Street 118.00 124.00 +5% Park/civic 478.00 386.00 −19% Private 210.00 28.60 −86% S2 2050: Existing policy + CA trees Street 117.00 89.90 −23% Park/civic 890.00 180.00 −80% Private 208.00 42.70 −79% S3 2050: Target building shading Street 117.00 89.90 −23% Park/civic 890.00 180.00 −80% Private 208.00 42.70 −79% S4 2050: Maximize tree canopy Street 114.00 89.10 −22% Park/civic 1,149.00 212.00 −82% Private 223.00 41.80 −81% - Table 6.
Summary of mean tree height (m), crown radius (m), and canopy volume (m3) for aged-out trees and replacement trees per size class for each scenario. “Aged-out trees” refers to trees removed between baseline and future scenarios. “Replacement trees” are new trees provided to future scenarios in place of aged-out trees. The percent change (%) between aged-out and replacement trees’ measures was also calculated: ([Aged-out – Replacement] ÷ |Aged-out|) × 100%.
Measure Scenario Size class Aged-out trees mean Replacement trees mean Percent change Tree height (m) S1 2050: Existing policy Large 16.1 19.1 +19% Medium 9.23 8.20 −11% Small 6.46 4.29 −34% S2 2050: Existing policy + CA trees Large 16.0 13.8 −14% Medium 9.24 8.99 −3% Small 6.60 5.39 −18% S3 2050: Target building shading Large 16.0 13.8 −14% Medium 9.24 8.99 −3% Small 6.60 5.39 −18% S4 2050: Maximize tree canopy Large 14.2 16.0 +13% Medium 8.97 9.24 +3% Small 6.82 5.43 −26% Crown radius (m) S1 2050: Existing policy Large 5.20 4.88 −6% Medium 2.88 2.74 −5% Small 2.04 1.43 −30% S2 2050: Existing policy + CA trees Large 5.15 4.62 −10% Medium 2.89 3.00 +4% Small 2.08 1.79 −14% S3 2050: Target building shading Large 5.15 4.62 −10% Medium 2.89 3.00 +4% Small 2.08 1.79 −14% S4 2050: Maximize tree canopy Large 5.18 4.74 −8% Medium 2.90 2.99 +3% Small 2.16 1.80 −17% Canopy volume (m3) S1 2050: Existing policy Large 670.00 554.00 −17% Medium 57.80 50.10 −13% Small 30.60 6.72 −78% S2 2050: Existing policy + CA trees Large 671.00 307.00 −54% Medium 59.00 72.40 +23% Small 33.20 13.20 −60% S3 2050: Target building shading Large 671.00 307.00 −54% Medium 59.00 72.40 −23% Small 33.20 13.20 −60% S4 2050: Maximize tree canopy Large 706.00 326.00 −54% Medium 60.20 70.60 +17% Small 37.20 13.50 −64% - Table S1.
Climate-suitability of baseline tree species used in the determination of tree mortality for future scenarios. Based on Metro Vancouver climate-adapted tree species database prepared by Diamond Head Consulting (2019a, 2019b). Size class was based on species-specific mature tree height: > 15 m (large); 10-15 m (medium); and < 10 m (small). Size information was primarily sourced from Breen 2022; missing information sourced from Kwantlen Polytechnic University (2015), Missouri Botanical Garden ([date unknown]), or Plants For A Future (2022).
Baseline tree species Climate suitability Size class Abies grandis Marginal Large Acer campestre Suitable Medium Acer palmatum Marginal Small Acer platanoides Suitable Medium Acer × freemanii Suitable Large Betula papyrifera Marginal Medium Carpinus betulus Suitable Medium Carpinus caroliniana Marginal Small Cedrus atlantica Suitable Medium Cedrus deodara Very suitable Large Cercidiphyllum japonicum Marginal Medium Cercis canadensis Very suitable Small Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Marginal Medium Cornus mas Suitable Small Cuprocyparis leylandii Very suitable Large Fagus sylvatica Marginal Large Ficus carica Very suitable Small Fraxinus americana Marginal Large Fraxinus excelsior Suitable Large Fraxinus ornus Very suitable Medium Fraxinus pennsylvanica Very suitable Large Gleditsia triacanthos Very suitable Large Liquidambar styraciflua Suitable Large Magnolia grandiflora Suitable Large Malus spp. Suitable Small Metasequoia glyptostroboides Marginal Large Nothofagus antarctica Suitable Medium Parrotia persica Suitable Medium Pinus mugo Very suitable Small Pinus nigra Very suitable Large Prunus cerasifera Suitable Small Prunus serrulata Suitable Small Prunus spp. Suitable Small Prunus × yedoensis Suitable Medium Pseudotsuga menziesii Suitable Large Pyrus calleryana Very suitable Medium Sorbus aria Very suitable Medium Thuja occidentalis Suitable Medium Thuja plicata Marginal Large Trachycarpus fortunei Suitable Small - Table S2.
Summary of baseline tree data, including species name (scientific), tree height and crown diameter (m; split into lower and upper range values), tree type (coniferous or deciduous), size class, and total count, as well as count per planting location (park/civic, private, street). Size class was based on species-specific mature tree height: > 15 m (large); 10-15 m (medium); and < 10 m (small). Size information was primarily sourced from Breen 2022; missing information sourced from Kwantlen Polytechnic University (2015), Missouri Botanical Garden ([date unknown]), or Plants For A Future (2022). Tree status is not included for the baseline tree data summary, as all trees are considered existing.
Species Tree height (lower) (m) Crown diameter (lower) (m) Tree height (upper) (m) Crown diameter (upper) (m) Tree type Size class Total count Planting location Street count Park/civic count Private count Abies grandis 24.7 6.6 35.4 15.1 Coniferous Large 26 2 24 0 Acer campestre 6.2 2.7 13.8 12.7 Deciduous Medium 54 49 2 3 Acer palmatum 7.3 2.4 8.6 8.6 Deciduous Small 138 7 18 113 Acer platanoides 8.2 3.6 24.5 19.1 Deciduous Medium 248 105 136 7 Acer × freemanii 7.6 3.1 17.1 15.7 Deciduous Large 93 61 31 1 Betula papyrifera 9.9 3.9 10.3 7.9 Deciduous Medium 26 1 1 24 Carpinus betulus 5.9 2.4 24.4 15.2 Deciduous Medium 451 425 6 20 Carpinus caroliniana 8.6 2.6 13.7 11.1 Deciduous Small 70 64 3 3 Cedrus atlantica 16.3 6.4 17.1 12.4 Coniferous Medium 31 1 2 28 Cedrus deodara 12.8 4.7 18.2 13.7 Coniferous Large 41 27 10 4 Cercidiphyllum japonicum 15.3 2.6 17.2 13.3 Deciduous Medium 39 4 4 31 Cercis canadensis 7.3 2.6 13.0 11.0 Deciduous Small 46 39 1 6 Chamaecyparis lawsoniana 14.0 5.0 15.3 12.0 Coniferous Medium 47 3 2 42 Cornus mas 9.5 3.2 9.9 10.5 Deciduous Small 26 6 1 19 Cuprocyparis leylandii 13.1 3.0 14.0 10.6 Coniferous Large 37 0 1 36 Fagus sylvatica 8.4 3.0 15.9 15.0 Deciduous Large 46 33 12 1 Ficus carica 5.4 2.4 7.3 7.1 Deciduous Small 130 11 4 115 Fraxinus americana 8.7 2.4 35.4 22.0 Deciduous Large 72 21 27 24 Fraxinus excelsior 7.6 2.2 15.5 13.9 Deciduous Large 93 78 8 7 Fraxinus ornus 7.0 2.4 12.7 9.2 Deciduous Medium 79 73 4 2 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 6.9 2.4 13.3 13.0 Deciduous Large 62 55 4 3 Liquidambar styraciflua 8.5 2.4 14.8 12.5 Deciduous Large 118 79 8 31 Magnolia grandiflora 9.0 2.8 9.5 10.8 Deciduous Large 39 4 3 32 Malus spp. 8.6 2.4 9.0 8.6 Deciduous Small 39 1 4 34 Metasequoia glyptostroboides 9.4 3.8 24.6 14.4 Coniferous Large 32 13 19 0 Parrotia persica 7.2 2.4 13.6 9.1 Deciduous Medium 72 49 3 20 Pinus mugo 5.4 2.4 8.1 5.5 Coniferous Small 31 6 5 20 Pinus nigra 15.3 2.4 16.3 12.4 Coniferous Large 35 3 3 29 Prunus cerasifera 6.1 2.1 14.3 12.9 Deciduous Small 383 336 29 18 Prunus serrulata 6.1 2.4 17.7 15.5 Deciduous Small 612 576 9 27 Prunus spp. 11.6 2.5 15.3 16.6 Deciduous Small 141 15 0 126 Prunus × yedoensis 6.7 2.1 13.7 13.6 Deciduous Medium 54 53 0 1 Pseudotsuga menziesii 6.7 2.4 30.2 15.6 Coniferous Large 95 27 14 54 Pyrus calleryana 6.1 2.4 9.7 8.8 Deciduous Medium 77 73 0 4 Sorbus aria 7.5 2.5 13.9 8.8 Deciduous Medium 77 73 2 2 Thuja occidentalis 9.9 2.6 26.9 11.7 Coniferous Medium 115 6 9 100 Thuja plicata 17.2 3.5 21.4 15.7 Coniferous Large 128 32 12 84 Trachycarpus fortunei 8.2 2.4 9.9 9.5 Coniferous Small 47 2 3 42 - Table S3.
Summary of S1 tree data, including species name (scientific), tree height and crown diameter (m), tree type (coniferous or deciduous), size class, and total count, as well as count per planting location (park/civic, private, street) and count per tree status (existing, replacement, additional). Size class was based on species-specific mature tree height: > 15 m (large); 10-15 m (medium); and < 10 m (small). Size information was primarily sourced from Breen 2022; missing information sourced from Kwantlen Polytechnic University (2015), Missouri Botanical Garden ([date unknown]), or Plants For A Future (2022).
Species Tree height (m) Crown diameter (m) Tree type Size class Total count Planting location Tree status Park/civic count Private count Street count Existing count Replacement count Additional count Abies grandis 35.3 7.2 Coniferous Large 102 46 0 56 0 45 57 Acer campestre 7.0 4.7 Deciduous Medium 23 2 0 21 23 0 0 Acer platanoides 8.7 5.8 Deciduous Medium 129 91 2 36 129 0 0 Acer × freemanii 14.7 10.1 Deciduous Large 34 20 1 13 34 0 0 Amelanchier × grandiflora 5.3 3.5 Deciduous Small 759 0 515 244 0 208 551 Carpinus betulus 10.1 5.9 Deciduous Medium 134 4 2 128 134 0 0 Cedrus atlantica 10.1 6.7 Coniferous Medium 6 2 4 0 6 0 0 Cedrus deodara 11.0 7.3 Coniferous Large 40 10 3 27 40 0 0 Celtis occidentalis 9.0 6.0 Deciduous Medium 786 57 514 215 0 216 570 Cercis canadensis 5.0 3.3 Deciduous Small 46 1 6 39 46 0 0 Chamaecyparis nookatensis 15.0 10.0 Coniferous Large 100 45 0 55 0 43 57 Chamaecyparis pisifera 33.3 6.8 Coniferous Large 61 6 0 55 0 28 33 Cornus mas 4.7 3.1 Deciduous Small 757 0 514 243 0 207 550 Cuprocyparis leylandii 13.1 2.0 Coniferous Large 36 1 35 0 36 0 0 Fagus sylvatica 12.7 8.5 Deciduous Large 64 8 0 56 0 30 34 Ficus carica 6.7 4.2 Deciduous Small 111 5 95 11 111 0 0 Fraxinus excelsior 16.8 11.2 Deciduous Large 23 5 0 18 23 0 0 Fraxinus ornus 9.0 3.9 Deciduous Medium 79 4 2 73 79 0 0 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 11.0 7.3 Deciduous Large 125 12 2 111 61 30 34 Gleditsia triacanthos 13.3 8.9 Deciduous Large 100 1 8 91 100 0 0 Liquidambar styraciflua 13.4 8.4 Deciduous Large 32 5 7 20 32 0 0 Magnolia denudata 7.0 4.7 Deciduous Medium 784 56 513 215 0 214 570 Malus domestica 3.0 2.0 Deciduous Small 757 5 509 243 0 207 550 Malus floribunda 4.5 3.0 Deciduous Small 764 3 516 245 6 208 550 Nothofagus antartica 9.0 3.9 Deciduous Medium 9 1 0 8 9 0 0 Parrotia persica 7.0 4.7 Deciduous Medium 802 59 517 226 16 216 570 Picea glauca 16.0 10.7 Coniferous Large 101 46 0 55 0 44 57 Pinus mugo 1.7 2.8 Coniferous Small 25 2 17 6 25 0 0 Pinus nigra 11.0 7.3 Coniferous Large 30 7 20 3 30 0 0 Platanus × hispanica 17.0 11.3 Deciduous Large 64 8 0 56 0 30 34 Prunus cerasifera 5.4 3.4 Deciduous Small 149 1 2 146 149 0 0 Prunus sargentii 5.4 3.4 Deciduous Small 31 8 20 3 31 0 0 Prunus serrulata 5.4 3.4 Deciduous Small 297 19 6 272 297 0 0 Prunus × yedoensis 10.1 6.7 Deciduous Medium 16 0 1 15 16 0 0 Pseudotsuga menziesii 28.0 18.7 Coniferous Large 132 60 11 61 31 44 57 Pyrus calleryana 7.0 4.7 Deciduous Medium 73 0 0 73 73 0 0 Quercus robur 9.0 6.0 Deciduous Medium 786 59 512 215 0 216 570 Sorbus aria 8.3 5.6 Deciduous Medium 77 2 2 73 77 0 0 Styrax japonicus 4.0 2.7 Deciduous Small 758 0 514 244 0 208 550 Taxus brevifolia 9.0 6.0 Coniferous Medium 770 46 511 213 0 208 562 Thuja occidentalis 8.0 5.4 Coniferous Medium 17 6 10 1 17 0 0 Thuja plicata 12.0 8.0 Coniferous Large 99 45 0 54 0 43 56 Tilia cordata 13.0 8.7 Deciduous Large 64 8 0 56 0 30 34 Trachycarpus fortunei 5.4 3.4 Coniferous Small 7 3 2 2 7 0 0 Zelkova serrata 11.0 7.3 Deciduous Large 62 6 0 56 0 29 33 - Table S4.
Summary of S2 tree data (same data for S3), including species name (scientific), tree height and crown diameter (m), tree type (coniferous or deciduous), size class, and total count, as well as count per planting location (park/civic, private, street) and count per tree status (existing, replacement, additional). Size class was based on species-specific mature tree height: > 15 m (large); 10-15 m (medium); and < 10 m (small). Size information was primarily sourced from Breen 2022; missing information sourced from Kwantlen Polytechnic University (2015), Missouri Botanical Garden ([date unknown]), or Plants For A Future (2022).
Species Tree height (m) Crown diameter (m) Tree type Size class Total count Planting location Tree status Park/civic count Private count Street count Existing count Replacement count Additional count Abies concolor 8.0 5.3 Coniferous Medium 563 53 365 145 6 140 417 Acer campestre 7.0 4.7 Deciduous Medium 26 2 0 24 26 0 0 Acer platanoides 8.7 5.8 Deciduous Medium 161 113 3 45 161 0 0 Acer × freemanii 14.7 10.1 Deciduous Large 49 23 0 26 49 0 0 Calocedrus decurrens 18.3 12.2 Coniferous Large 89 26 0 63 0 37 52 Carpinus betulus 10.1 5.9 Deciduous Medium 183 4 7 172 183 0 0 Catalpa speciosa 10.0 6.7 Deciduous Medium 261 6 183 72 0 65 196 Cedrus atlantica 10.1 6.7 Coniferous Medium 5 1 4 0 5 0 0 Cedrus deodara 11.0 7.3 Coniferous Large 127 34 3 90 40 36 51 Celtis sinensis 10.7 7.1 Deciduous Large 90 26 0 64 0 37 53 Cercis canadensis 5.0 3.3 Deciduous Small 656 1 426 229 46 152 458 Crataegus laevigata 3.5 2.3 Deciduous Small 610 0 423 187 0 153 457 Cuprocyparis leylandii 13.1 2.0 Coniferous Large 36 1 35 0 36 0 0 Eucommia ulmoides 10.0 6.7 Deciduous Medium 259 6 181 72 0 64 195 Ficus carica 6.7 4.2 Deciduous Small 112 5 96 11 112 0 0 Fraxinus excelsior 16.8 11.2 Deciduous Large 40 6 2 32 40 0 0 Fraxinus ornus 9.0 3.9 Deciduous Medium 79 4 2 73 79 0 0 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 11.0 7.3 Deciduous Large 61 4 2 55 61 0 0 Ginkgo biloba 10.0 6.7 Deciduous Medium 262 6 184 72 0 66 196 Gleditsia triacanthos 13.3 8.9 Deciduous Large 190 27 8 155 100 37 53 Gymnocladus dioicus 9.0 6.0 Deciduous Medium 259 5 183 71 0 65 194 Juniperus scopulorum 7.0 4.7 Coniferous Medium 291 47 182 62 0 69 222 Koelreuteria paniculata 6.0 4.0 Deciduous Small 615 0 426 189 0 156 459 Liquidambar styraciflua 13.4 8.4 Deciduous Large 42 6 6 30 42 0 0 Maackia amurensis 6.0 4.0 Deciduous Small 616 0 424 192 0 157 459 Magnolia grandiflora 14.1 3.9 Deciduous Large 6 2 3 1 6 0 0 Malus floribunda 4.5 3.0 Deciduous Small 8 3 4 1 8 0 0 Nothofagus antartica 9.0 3.9 Deciduous Medium 15 1 0 14 15 0 0 Notholithocarpus densiorus 5.0 3.3 Deciduous Small 616 5 420 191 0 158 458 Nyssa sinensis 8.0 5.3 Deciduous Medium 258 5 181 72 0 64 194 Ostrya virginiana 6.7 4.5 Deciduous Small 89 26 0 63 0 37 52 Parrotia persica 7.0 4.7 Deciduous Medium 22 2 4 16 22 0 0 Pinus contorta 9.0 6.0 Coniferous Medium 306 53 182 71 0 81 225 Pinus flexilis 9.7 6.4 Coniferous Medium 305 52 181 72 0 80 225 Pinus mugo 1.7 2.8 Coniferous Small 25 2 17 6 25 0 0 Pinus nigra 11.0 7.3 Coniferous Large 113 29 22 62 30 32 51 Pinus ponderosa 16.0 10.7 Coniferous Large 119 52 0 67 0 50 69 Pinus sylvestris 9.0 6.0 Coniferous Medium 258 5 183 70 0 64 194 Pinus thunbergii 10.0 6.7 Coniferous Medium 261 5 183 73 0 67 194 Pistacia chinensis 6.5 4.3 Deciduous Small 617 0 426 191 0 157 460 Prunus cerasifera 5.4 3.4 Deciduous Small 181 2 4 175 181 0 0 Prunus sargentii 5.4 3.4 Deciduous Small 48 9 33 6 48 0 0 Prunus serrulata 5.4 3.4 Deciduous Small 350 25 6 319 350 0 0 Prunus × yedoensis 10.1 6.7 Deciduous Medium 19 0 0 19 19 0 0 Pseudotsuga menziesii 28.0 18.7 Coniferous Large 39 14 15 10 39 0 0 Quercus acutissima 10.0 6.7 Deciduous Medium 260 8 180 72 0 64 196 Quercus alba 16.0 10.7 Deciduous Large 90 26 0 64 0 37 53 Sorbus aria 8.3 5.6 Deciduous Medium 335 7 183 145 77 64 194 Thuja occidentalis 8.0 5.4 Coniferous Medium 28 7 20 1 28 0 0 Trachycarpus fortunei 5.4 3.4 Coniferous Small 13 3 8 2 13 0 0 - Table S5.
Summary of S4 tree data, including species name (scientific), tree height and crown diameter (m), tree type (coniferous or deciduous), size class, and total count, as well as count per planting location (park/civic, private, street) and count per tree status (existing, replacement, additional). Size class was based on species-specific mature tree height: > 15 m (large); 10-15 m (medium); and < 10 m (small). Blue-green streets include trees and other green infrastructure designed to manage water cycles (e.g., water quality and flood risk management), enhance access to urban green space, and provide other ecosystem services, such as heat mitigation and air quality improvement (City of Vancouver 2023a). Size information was primarily sourced from Breen 2022; missing information sourced from Kwantlen Polytechnic University (2015), Missouri Botanical Garden ([date unknown]), or Plants For A Future (2022).
Species Tree height (m) Crown diameter (m) Tree type Size class Blue-green Total count Planting location Tree status Park/civic count Private count Street count Existing count Replacement count Additional count Abies concolor 8.0 5.3 Coniferous Medium No 612 59 380 173 0 122 490 Acer campestre 7.0 4.7 Deciduous Medium No 30 2 0 28 30 0 0 Acer platanoides 8.7 5.8 Deciduous Medium No 197 133 3 61 197 0 0 Acer × freemanii 14.7 10.1 Deciduous Large No 66 30 0 36 66 0 0 Alnus cordata 8.0 4.5 Deciduous Medium Yes 69 0 0 69 0 0 69 Alnus rubra 9.0 3.9 Deciduous Large Yes 80 0 0 80 0 0 80 Betula papyrifera 8.7 5.8 Deciduous Medium No 20 1 18 1 20 0 0 Calocedrus decurrens 18.3 12.2 Coniferous Large No 141 38 8 95 0 35 106 Carpinus betulus 10.1 5.9 Deciduous Medium No 231 6 7 218 231 0 0 Catalpa speciosa 10.0 6.7 Deciduous Medium No 591 38 449 104 0 59 532 Cedrus atlantica 10.1 6.7 Coniferous Medium No 11 3 8 0 11 0 0 Cedrus deodara 11.0 7.3 Coniferous Large No 218 93 9 116 39 28 151 Celtis sinensis 10.7 7.1 Deciduous Large No 193 86 8 99 0 37 156 Cercis canadensis 5.0 3.3 Deciduous Small No 771 1 581 189 46 95 630 Cornus mas 4.7 3.1 Deciduous Small No 23 1 16 6 23 0 0 Crataegus laevigata 3.5 2.3 Deciduous Small No 762 0 581 181 0 127 635 Cuprocyparis leylandii 13.1 2.0 Coniferous Large No 36 1 35 0 36 0 0 Eucommia ulmoides 10.0 6.7 Deciduous Medium No 583 39 439 105 0 55 528 Ficus carica 6.7 4.2 Deciduous Small No 110 4 95 11 110 0 0 Fraxinus excelsior 16.8 11.2 Deciduous Large No 60 8 3 49 60 0 0 Fraxinus ornus 9.0 3.9 Deciduous Medium Yes 149 4 2 143 79 0 70 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 11.0 7.3 Deciduous Large No 61 4 2 55 61 0 0 Ginkgo biloba 10.0 6.7 Deciduous Medium No 579 27 447 105 0 54 525 Gleditsia triacanthos 13.3 8.9 Deciduous Large No 288 75 23 190 100 37 151 Gymnocladus dioicus 9.0 6.0 Deciduous Medium No 577 32 442 103 0 56 521 Juniperus chinensis 13.3 8.9 Coniferous Large No 171 85 8 78 0 17 154 Juniperus scopulorum 7.0 4.7 Coniferous Medium No 371 73 209 89 0 63 308 Koelreuteria paniculata 6.0 4.0 Deciduous Small No 865 0 599 266 0 141 724 Liquidambar styraciflua 13.4 8.4 Deciduous Large No 58 8 6 44 58 0 0 Maackia amurensis 6.0 4.0 Deciduous Small No 791 0 586 205 0 144 647 Magnolia grandiflora 14.1 3.9 Deciduous Large No 12 3 8 1 12 0 0 Malus floribunda 4.5 3.0 Deciduous Small No 12 4 7 1 12 0 0 Nothofagus antartica 9.0 3.9 Deciduous Medium No 22 1 0 21 22 0 0 Notholithocarpus densiorus 5.0 3.3 Deciduous Small No 793 4 590 199 0 155 638 Nyssa sinensis 8.0 5.3 Deciduous Medium No 657 41 442 174 0 57 600 Ostrya virginiana 6.7 4.5 Deciduous Small No 260 26 133 101 0 37 223 Parrotia persica 7.0 4.7 Deciduous Medium Yes 91 3 2 86 22 0 69 Pinus contorta 9.0 6.0 Coniferous Medium No 334 46 209 79 0 37 297 Pinus flexilis 9.7 6.4 Coniferous Medium No 369 76 196 97 0 50 319 Pinus mugo 1.7 2.8 Coniferous Small No 25 0 19 6 25 0 0 Pinus nigra 11.0 7.3 Coniferous Large No 191 84 31 76 32 11 148 Pinus ponderosa 16.0 10.7 Coniferous Large No 186 79 8 99 0 52 134 Pinus sylvestris 9.0 6.0 Coniferous Medium No 322 36 211 75 0 34 288 Pinus thunbergii 10.0 6.7 Coniferous Medium No 344 31 207 106 0 62 282 Pistacia chinensis 6.5 4.3 Deciduous Small No 723 0 525 198 0 136 587 Populus nigra 10.0 3.9 Deciduous Large Yes 78 0 0 78 0 0 78 Prunus cerasifera 5.4 3.4 Deciduous Small No 215 3 4 208 215 0 0 Prunus sargentii 5.4 3.4 Deciduous Small No 53 9 37 7 53 0 0 Prunus serrulata 5.4 3.4 Deciduous Small No 407 28 6 373 407 0 0 Prunus × yedoensis 10.1 6.7 Deciduous Medium No 25 0 0 25 25 0 0 Pseudotsuga menziesii 28.0 18.7 Coniferous Large No 43 14 14 15 43 0 0 Pyrus calleryana 7.0 4.7 Deciduous Medium No 74 1 0 73 74 0 0 Quercus acutissima 10.0 6.7 Deciduous Medium No 546 38 402 106 0 61 485 Quercus alba 16.0 10.7 Deciduous Large No 163 56 8 99 0 36 127 Quercus virginiana 12.1 13.4 Deciduous Large Yes 80 0 0 80 0 0 80 Robinia pseudoacacia 8.0 2.8 Deciduous Medium Yes 68 0 0 68 0 0 68 Sorbus aria 8.3 5.6 Deciduous Medium No 667 43 446 178 77 62 528 Thuja occidentalis 8.0 5.4 Coniferous Medium No 36 8 26 2 36 0 0 Trachycarpus fortunei 5.4 3.4 Coniferous Small No 15 3 10 2 15 0 0 Ulmus parvifolia 9.0 6.7 Deciduous Medium Yes 69 0 0 69 0 0 69 Ulmus procera 23.5 8.4 Deciduous Large Yes 81 0 0 81 0 0 81 - Table S6.
Summary of tree count (and percentage of total trees) for each location, size class, and tree type per scenario (baseline and S1-4). Size class was based on species-specific mature tree height: > 15 m (large); 10-15 m (medium); and < 10 m (small). CA (climate-adapted); CoV (City of Vancouver).
Location Size class Tree type Baseline 2020 S1 2050: Existing policy S2 2050: Existing policy + CA trees S3 2050: Maximize building shading S4 2050: Maximize tree canopy Street Small Deciduous 1,055 (26%) 1,690 (17%) 1,755 (17%) 1,755 (17%) 1,945 (12%) Coniferous 8 (0%) 8 (0%) 8 (0%) 8 (0%) 8 (0%) Medium Deciduous 943 (23%) 1,297 (10%) 1,013 (10%) 1,013 (10%) 1,807 (11%) Coniferous 10 (0%) 215 (5%) 492 (5%) 492 (5%) 620 (4%) Large Deciduous 422 (10%) 477 (4%) 427 (4%) 427 (4%) 971 (6%) Coniferous 104 (3%) 367 (4%) 359 (4%) 359 (4%) 479 (3%) Park/civic Small Deciduous 72 (2%) 42 (1%) 76 (1%) 76 (1%) 80 (1%) Coniferous 3 (0%) 5 (0%) 5 (0%) 5 (0%) 3 (0%) Medium Deciduous 159 (4%) 335 (3%) 169 (2%) 169 (2%) 409 (3%) Coniferous 13 (0%) 54 (1%) 223 (2%) 223 (2%) 332 (2%) Large Deciduous 94 (2%) 75 (1%) 120 (1%) 120 (1%) 270 (2%) Coniferous 85 (2%) 266 (3%) 181 (2%) 181 (2%) 394 (2%) Private Small Deciduous 461 (11%) 2,697 (26%) 2,689 (26%) 2,689 (26%) 3,760 (24%) Coniferous 62 (2%) 19 (0%) 26 (0%) 26 (0%) 29 (0%) Medium Deciduous 114 (3%) 2,065 (20%) 1,291 (13%) 1,291 (13%) 3,099 (20%) Coniferous 170 (4%) 525 (5%) 1,298 (13%) 1,298 (13%) 1,446 (9%) Large Deciduous 108 (3%) 22 (0%) 21 (0%) 21 (0%) 58 (0%) Coniferous 207 (5%) 69 (1%) 75 (1%) 75 (1%) 113 (1%) Total 4,090 10,228 10,228 10,228 15,823 - Table S7.
Summary statistics of tree height and crown radius per location and scenario, including mean, median, standard deviation (SD), and interquartile range (IQR).
Measure Scenario Location Mean Median Minimum Maximum SD IQR Tree height (m) Baseline 2020 Street 10.94 9.83 5.38 35.44 3.97 5.34 Park/civic 17.34 17.34 6.10 35.36 5.86 7.17 Private 12.13 11.25 5.43 33.80 4.58 6.59 S1 2050: Existing policy Street 8.59 7.00 1.70 35.30 5.96 4.00 Park/civic 13.07 9.00 1.70 35.30 8.16 6.30 Private 6.38 6.70 1.70 28.00 2.45 4.50 S2 2050: Existing policy + CA trees Street 8.33 8.00 1.70 28.00 3.44 4.60 Park/civic 10.65 9.70 1.70 28.00 4.08 5.30 Private 7.28 6.70 1.70 28.00 2.42 3.00 S3 2050: Maximize building shading Street 8.33 8.00 1.70 28.00 3.44 4.60 Park/civic 10.65 9.70 1.70 28.00 4.08 5.30 Private 7.28 6.70 1.70 28.00 2.42 3.00 S4 2050: Maximize tree canopy Street 8.86 8.30 1.70 28.00 3.74 4.10 Park/civic 10.80 10.00 4.50 28.00 3.41 4.60 Private 7.56 8.00 1.70 28.00 2.38 4.00 Crown radius (m) Baseline 2020 Street 3.32 3.10 1.03 8.98 1.34 1.81 Park/civic 4.29 4.04 1.18 11.02 1.77 2.22 Private 3.33 3.12 1.06 8.31 1.37 1.94 S1 2050: Existing policy Street 2.60 2.35 1.00 9.35 1.38 1.35 Park/civic 3.80 3.00 1.00 9.35 1.90 1.33 Private 2.10 2.10 1.00 9.35 0.80 1.50 S2 2050: Existing policy + CA trees Street 2.72 2.65 1.15 9.35 1.16 1.65 Park/civic 3.53 3.00 1.00 9.35 1.38 1.80 Private 2.40 2.15 1.00 9.35 0.80 1.30 S3 2050: Maximize building shading Street 2.72 2.65 1.15 9.35 1.16 1.65 Park/civic 3.53 3.00 1.00 9.35 1.38 1.80 Private 2.40 2.15 1.00 9.35 0.80 1.30 S4 2050: Maximize tree canopy Street 2.83 2.65 1.10 9.35 1.24 1.40 Park/civic 3.59 3.35 1.00 9.35 1.16 1.55 Private 2.50 2.65 1.00 9.35 0.79 1.20 - Table S8.
Summary of tree count (and percentage of total trees) for existing, replacement, and additional trees per size class for each future scenario (S1–4). “Existing trees” are trees that were not removed since baseline and remain in future scenarios. “Replacement trees” are new trees provided to future scenarios in place of aged-out trees. “Additional trees” are new trees that are provided to the future models to achieve scenario and location-based tree counts. Size class was based on species-specific mature tree height: > 15 m (large); 10-15 m (medium); and < 10 m (small). CA (climate-adapted); CoV (City of Vancouver).
Tree status Size class S1 2050: Existing policy S2 2050: Existing policy + CA trees S3 2050: Maximize building shading S4 2050: Maximize tree canopy Existing Small 672 (6%) 786 (8%) 786 (8%) 906 (6%) Medium 579 (6%) 691 (7%) 691 (7%) 824 (5%) Large 394 (4%) 443 (4%) 443 (4%) 507 (3%) Replacement Small 1,038 (10%) 970 (10%) 970 (10%) 835 (5%) Medium 1,070 (10%) 953 (9%) 953 (9%) 772 (5%) Large 396 (4%) 306 (3%) 306 (3%) 253 (1%) Additional Small 2,751 (27%) 2,803 (27%) 2,803 (27%) 4,084 (26%) Medium 2,842 (28%) 2,842 (28%) 2,842 (28%) 6,117 (39%) Large 486 (5%) 434 (4%) 434 (4%) 1,525 (10%) - Table S9.
Summary of tree count (and percentage of total trees) for existing, replacement, and additional trees per location for each future scenario (S1–4). “Existing trees” are trees that were not removed since baseline and remain in future scenarios. “Replacement trees” are new trees provided to future scenarios in place of aged-out trees. “Additional trees” are new trees that are provided to the future models to achieve scenario and location-based tree counts. CA (climate-adapted); CoV (City of Vancouver).
Tree status Location S1 2050: Existing policy S2 2050: Existing policy + CA trees S3 2050: Maximize building shading S4 2050: Maximize tree canopy Existing Street 1,153 (11%) 1,345 (13%) 1,345 (13%) 1,566 (10%) Park/civic 225 (2%) 258 (3%) 258 (3%) 302 (2%) Private 267 (3%) 317 (3%) 317 (3%) 369 (2%) Replacement Street 1,389 (14%) 1,197 (12%) 1,197 (12%) 976 (6%) Park/civic 212 (2%) 176 (2%) 176 (2%) 143 (1%) Private 903 (9%) 856 (8%) 856 (8%) 741 (5%) Additional Street 1,512 (15%) 1,512 (15%) 1,512 (15%) 3,288 (21%) Park/civic 340 (3%) 340 (3%) 340 (3%) 1,043 (6%) Private 4,227 (41%) 4,227 (41%) 4,227 (41%) 7,395 (47%)
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