Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig. 1.
Sodium and chloride levels in Galt Creek above and below a highway near Guelph, Ontario during late winter and spring.
- Fig. 2.
Sodium and chloride levels in soil at various distances along a transect across a four-lane highway.
- Fig. 3.
Chloride levels in Eastern white pine needles and the development of injury. (Adapted from Lumis et al. 1976).
- Fig. 4.
The accumulation and loss of sodium and chloride in Eastern white pine needles over a one-year period. (Adapted from Hall et al. 1972 and Lumis et al. 1976).
- Fig. 5.
a. The decrease in chloride concentration with time in salt-sprayed Eastern white pine needles, either exposed to or protected from rain. b. The total chloride concentration in salt-sprayed one-year old Eastern white pine needles and new growth indicating the movement of chloride in the plant.
- Fig. 6.
Branches of red-osier dogwood killed by salt and leafing out from the bases of the branches.
- Fig. 7.
A lone beech tree close to a four-lane highway. Note the tufted appearance of the tree and the greater injury on the side of the tree facing the highway.
- Fig. 8.
A forsythia bush blooming only on low branches on the side of the shrub away from the highway.
- Fig. 9.
A cedar hedge close to a busy street. All leaves In the splash zone have died and dropped off.
- Fig. 10.
Scots pine on the south side of a fourlane highway. Trees are approximately 15 years old. Note their stunted, tufted and misshapen appearance.
- Fig. 11.
Eastern white pine trees approximately 30 m from the highway, (above) Trees next to the fence show severe damage on the side facing the road, (below) The same trees are dead 8 years later. Trees further back are becoming more exposed and are showing more injury.
- Fig. 12.
The effect of road salt on the thickness of annual growth rings of Eastern white pine trees at various distances from the highway. (Adapted from Hall et al. 1972).
Tables
- Table 1.
Levels of injury and salt content of leaves from white cedar on north and south sides of Highway 401.
North side South side % injury 7 66 Na g/100 g 0.19 0.35 Cl g/100 g 0.39 0.74 Adapted from Hofstra and Hall (1971).
Front of tree Back of tree Injury rating 1.6 0.6 Foliar Na g/100 g 0.263 0.046 Foliar Cl g/100 g 0.76 0.54 Soil Na mg/100 g 17.7 7.7 Soil Cl mg/100 g 55.8 44.6 Adapted from Hall et al. (1977).
- Table 3.
Relative levels of sodium and chloride in white pine needles 30 m from the pavement at the end of the winter in different years.
Year Cl Na Site 1 Site 2 Site 1 Site 2 1970 1.30 1.25 1971 0.80 0.82 1972 1.25 0.97 1973 1.00 0.58 Adapted from Hall et al. (1972) and Lumis et al. (1976).
- Table 4.
Chloride concentrations (%) in needles of white pine at 0, 4 and 8 days after a single salt spray when plants were kept at different temperature with the needles kept moist.
Temp °C 0 day 4 days 8 days -7 0.06 0.05 0.06 +2 0.07 0.30 0.50 + 15 0.06 0.31 0.48 Days at 15°C Percent injury 1 0 5 6 10 15 15 25 20 70 25 90
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