Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Matrix of scatterplots (black dots), data distributions (solid lines), and Pearson R-correlation values (Corr:) among tree diameter (DIA), tree height (HT), tree crown volume (CV), leaf greenness (SPAD), tree condition (TC), tree condition index (TCI), urban tree health (UTH), RUSI, weighted RUSI (RUSIw), and organic weighted RUSI (RUSIow) models. *P ≤ 0.05; **P ≤ 0.01; ***P ≤ 0.001.
Tables
- Table 1.
Mean (n = 90), standard deviations (SD), minimum values, and maximum values for tree diameter (DIA), tree height (HT), tree crown volume (CV), leaf greenness (SPAD), tree condition (TC), tree condition index (TCI), and urban tree health (UTH).
Property Mean SD Minimum Maximum DIA (cm) 12.6 3.88 5.48 21.8 HT (cm) 624.0 148.0 328.0 1,002.0 CV (m3) 55.7 42.9 4.39 211.0 SPAD 38.4 6.86 20.5 57.1 TC 2.19 0.34 1.5 3.0 TCI 67.0 8.57 44.4 83.3 UTH 88.5 8.48 48.0 100.0 - Table 2.
Mean (n = 90), standard deviations (SD), minimum values, and maximum values for scores of precipitation (PPT), growing degree days (GDD), exposure (EXP), traffic (TRA), infrastructure (INF), surface (SUR), estimated rooting area (ERA), penetration (PEN), A-horizon (HOR), texture (TEX), structure (STR), wet aggregate stability (WAS), soil organic matter (SOM), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, and Rapid Urban Site Index (RUSI).
Property Mean SD Minimum Maximum PPT 1.69 0.51 1.00 3.00 GDD 1.34 0.47 1.00 2.00 EXP 2.77 0.45 1.00 3.00 TRA 2.86 0.49 0.00 3.00 INF 0.72 0.45 0.00 1.00 SUR 1.89 0.40 1.00 3.00 ERA 2.31 0.73 0.00 3.00 PEN 1.63 0.84 0.00 3.00 HOR 2.42 0.51 1.00 3.00 TEX 2.46 0.58 1.00 3.00 STR 2.19 0.57 0.50 3.00 WAS 2.42 0.54 1.00 3.00 SOM 2.65 0.48 2.00 3.00 EC 1.12 0.79 0.00 3.00 pH 1.93 0.27 1.00 3.00 RUSI 67.6 5.47 51.1 81.1 - Table 3.
Property weights for RUSI, weighted RUSI (RUSIw), and organic weighted RUSI (RUSIow) models. Precipitation (PPT), growing degree days (GDD), exposure (EXP), traffic (TRA), infrastructure (INF), surface (SUR), estimated rooting area (ERA), penetration (PEN), A-horizon (HOR), texture (TEX), structure (STR), wet aggregate stability (WAS), soil organic matter (SOM), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, and Solvita® (Solvita, Woodsend Laboratories, Augusta, ME, USA) soil respiration (SOLV).
Property RUSI RUSIw RUSIow PPT 0.066 0.000 0.000 GDD 0.066 0.000 0.000 EXP 0.066 0.043 0.038 TRA 0.066 0.043 0.038 INF 0.066 0.043 0.038 SUR 0.066 0.087 0.077 ERA 0.066 0.087 0.077 PEN 0.066 0.087 0.077 HOR 0.066 0.130 0.115 TEX 0.066 0.130 0.115 STR 0.066 0.130 0.115 WAS 0.066 0.087 0.077 SOM 0.066 0.043 0.038 EC 0.066 0.043 0.038 pH 0.066 0.043 0.038 SOLV n/a n/a 0.115 Total 1.00 1.00 1.00 - Table 4.
Potential limitation to tree health and growth for each of the RUSI parameters. The lower the rank, the more limiting that parameter was expected to be for tree growth and health based on expert opinions and professional experiences of the primary investigators. Precipitation (PPT), growing degree days (GDD), exposure (EXP), traffic (TRA), infrastructure (INF), surface (SUR), estimated rooting area (ERA), penetration (PEN), A-horizon (HOR), texture (TEX), structure (STR), wet aggregate stability (WAS), soil organic matter (SOM), electrical conductivity (EC), and pH.
Property Rank PPT 15 GDD 14 EXP 12 TRA 13 INF 10 SUR 11 ERA 4 PEN 3 HOR 5 TEX 1 STR 2 WAS 6 SOM 7 EC 8 pH 9 - Table 5.
Pearson R-correlation values (n = 90) of tree diameter (DIA), tree height (HT), tree crown volume (CV), leaf greenness (SPAD), tree condition (TC), tree condition index (TCI), and urban tree health (UTH) with RUSI scores for precipitation (PPT), growing degree days (GDD), exposure (EXP), traffic (TRA), infrastructure (INF), surface (SUR), estimated rooting area (ERA), penetration (PEN), A-horizon (HOR), texture (TEX), structure (STR), wet aggregate stability (WAS), soil organic matter (SOM), electrical conductivity (EC), and pH.
RUSI DIA HT CV SPAD TC TCI UTH PPT −0.13 0.14 −0.04 −0.38* 0.05 −0.01 −0.11 GDD 0.06 0.12 0.08 −0.03 0.05 0.02 −0.09 EXP −0.08 −0.27* −0.23* 0.09 −0.01 −0.03 −0.01 TRA −0.01 −0.02 −0.07 0.02 −0.02 0.12 0.04 INF −0.02 −0.15* −0.08 0.09 0.10 0.14 0.19* SUR −0.04 −0.06 −0.05 0.19* 0.14 0.17* 0.15* ERA 0.11 −0.06 −0.01 0.16* 0.11 0.02 0.17* PEN −0.03 0.08 0.09 −0.15* 0.22* 0.23* 0.19* HOR 0.12 0.24* 0.29* 0.04 0.18* 0.24* 0.19* TEX 0.13 0.02 0.16* 0.28* 0.07 0.15* 0.25 STR 0.19* 0.26* 0.31* 0.29* 0.25* 0.21* 0.22* WAS 0.24* 0.19* 0.18* 0.42* 0.08 0.00 −0.02 SOM −0.07 0.10 0.07 −0.04 0.06 0.10 0.14 EC 0.15* 0.09 0.09 0.37* 0.01 −0.09 −0.08 pH 0.02 0.00 −0.05 0.13 0.02 −0.03 0.01 ↵*P ≤ 0.05
- Table 6.
Mean (n = 30) and standard error of the mean (SE) for total soil organic matter (SOM), particulate organic matter (POM), potassium permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC), potentially mineralizable carbon (PMC), Solvita® (Solvita, Woodsend Laboratories, Augusta, ME, USA) soil respiration (SOLV), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN).
Property Nulla Lowa Higha P-value Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE SOM (%) 6.9 0.6 7.2 0.6 7.4 0.7 0.9012 POM (%) 1.4 0.1 1.6 0.1 1.5 0.1 0.6372 POXC (mg/kg) 1,020 54.9 850 57.5 991 53.5 0.0793 PMC (mg/kg/d) 77.4 7.6 91.6 5.5 86.3 7.3 0.3492 SOLV (mg/kg/d) 32.4b 0.5 33.8ab 0.4 33.9a 0.4 0.0275* MBC (mg/kg) 39.5 3.7 45.9 5.8 48.3 4.4 0.4167 MBN (mg/kg) 8.6 0.7 9.9 1.4 8.9 0.8 0.6717 ↵aData is from the fall sampling period. Treatments are high, low, and no biosolids application (null). The P-values for the analysis of variance (ANOVA) are given. Letters identify Tukey-Kramer Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) mean separations with unique letters identifying significant differences.
↵*P ≤ 0.05
TC Score Dead (> 1/2 of the crown dead, sloughing bark) 0 Poor (< 1/2 of the crown dead, growth severely stunted) 1 Fair (reduced growth, chlorotic, minor dieback) 2 Good (no stress present, high growth rates) 3 - Table S2.
Parameters and scoring function for the tree condition index (TCI) model. Adapted from Webster (1979).
TCI 5 4 3 2 1 Trunk Sound and solid throughout Minor damage Early decay signs Extensive decay, hollowness, cambium damage Same as 2, but cross section is a half-circle Crown Dense, evenly balanced crown Dense, slightly unbalanced crown Thin or severely imbalanced crown Thin and slightly imbalanced crown Thin and severely imbalanced crown Roots Three or more visible and evenly balanced root flares (< 2 cm deep) Three or more visible and slightly unbalanced root flares (< 2 cm deep) Less than 3 visible or severely unbalanced root flares (< 2 cm deep) No visible root flares and structural roots (2 cm to 15 cm deep) Structural roots (> 15 cm deep) - Table S3.
Parameters and scoring function for the urban tree health (UTH) model. Adapted from Bond (2012).
UTH 0 1 2 3 4 5 Crown ratio No live crown 1% to 20% 21% to 40% 41% to 60% 61% to 80% 81% to 100% Opacity No live crown 1% to 20% 21% to 40% 41% to 60% 61% to 80% 81% to 100% Vitality No live crown 1% to 20% 21% to 40% 41% to 60% 61% to 80% 81% to 100% Growth No live crown < 5 cm 5 to 10 cm 10 to 15 cm 15 to 20 cm > 20 cm Quality No live crown 1% to 20% 21% to 40% 41% to 60% 61% to 80% 81% to 100% - Table S4.
Parameters and scoring functions for the Rapid Urban Site Index (RUSI) model. Precipitation = PPT; growing degree days = GDD; exposure = EXP; traffic = TRA; infrastructure = INF; surface = SUR; texture = TEX; structure = STR; penetration = PEN; A-horizon = HOR; estimated rooting area = ERA; wet aggregate stability = WAS; soil organic matter = SOM; electrical conductivity = EC; sand = S; sandy clay = SC; silt = SI; sandy loam = SL; clay = C; loam = L; clay loam = CL; loamy sand = LS; sandy clay loam = SCL; silty clay = SIC; silt loam = SIL; silty clay loam = SICL; coarse fragment (>2 mm in diameter) = CF; massive = M; single-grained = SG; platy = PL; angular blocky = ABK; subangular blocky = SBK; granular = GR.
RUSI Units 0 1 2 3 PPTa mm yr−1 < 500 500 to 750 751 to 1,000 > 1,000 GDD d < 1,000 1,001 to 2,500 2,501 to 4,000 > 4,000 EXP # 0 1 to 2 3 to 4 5 TRA n/a > 4 lanes 2 to 4; no parking 2 to 4; parking < 2 lanes INF m < 1 1 to 5 6 to 10 > 10 SUR n/a nonpermeable or bare patchy vegetation thick vegetation organic mulch TEX n/a no soil; CF > 75% S, SI, C; CF = 50% to 75% LS, SCL, SICL, CL, SC, SIC; CF = 25% to 49% SL, SIL, L; CF < 25% STR n/a M, SG, PL ABK SBK GR PEN cm < 5 5 to 20 20 with max effort 20 with min effort HOR cm < 1 1 to 5 6 to 15 > 15 ERAb m2 < 5 5 to 25 26 to 50 > 50 WAS % no aggregates < 50% post soak < 50% post swirl > 50% post swirl SOM IL SOM chart gray chip 1 chip 2 to 3 chip 4 to 5 EC μS cm−1 < 50 or > 3,000 50 to 100 or 2,001 to 3,000 101 to 300 or 1,001 to 2,000 301 to 1,000 pH n/a < 4 or > 9 4 to 4.9 or 8.1 to 9 5 to 5.9 or 6.6 to 8 6 to 6.5
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