Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1.
Products, active ingredient, concentration, directions for use, and supplier of treatmentsa used.
Commercial name Active ingredient Concentration applied Directions for use Supplier Topas Penconazole 1.5 mL/L of water See “Materials and Methods” Syngenta UK Ltd, Fulbourn, Cambridgeshire, UK Chitin Chitin 120 g/m2 under the canopy = 360 g per tree applied Once as a top dressing in March or as buds swell Tidal Vision, Bellingham, WA, USA Chitosan Chitosan 120 g/m2 under the canopy = 360 g per tree applied Once as a top dressing in March or as buds swell Tidal Vision, Bellingham, WA, USA Crab meal Crab meal 0.75 kg under the canopy per tree applied Once as a top dressing in March or as buds swell Ocean Crest Seafoods Inc., Gloucester, MA, USA Liquid chitosan Chitosan 1.0 mL/5 L of water per m2 under the canopy = 3 mL per tree applied One weekly drench for the first three weeks, and then one drench per month throughout the growing season; start first drench in March or as buds swell Viresco UK Ltd, Thirsk, North Yorkshire, UK Agrinos 5-0-0 Chitin 0.8 g/L of water per m2 under the canopy = 2.4 g per tree applied Every 2 weeks throughout the growing season; start first drench in March or as buds swell Hortifeeds, Park Farm, Kettlethorpe, Lincoln, UK Control Water – – – ↵aAll treatments based on manufacturers’ recommended efficacy rates.
- Table 2.
The influence of penconazole and chitin/chitosan-based soil amendments on pathogen severity of apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) on Malus sylvestris (crab apple) containerised seedlingsa.
Treatment Leaf scab severityb SPAD FV/FM PIABS Control (water) 3.8d 19.9c 0.700de 3.61d Penconazole 1.0a 38.4g 0.813g 7.65h Chitin (2.0%) – 14.3ab 0.564b 1.47a Chitin (1.5%) – 15.9b 0.639c 2.75bc Chitin (1.0%) 1.6b 34.9f 0.800fg 6.06f Chitin (0.5%) 2.2c 31.3e 0.770f 4.97e Chitin (0.25%) 3.6d 22.8d 0.728e 4.43e Chitosan (2.0%) – 13.5a 0.497a 1.34a Chitosan (1.5%) – 16.0b 0.550b 2.45b Chitosan (1.0%) 1.5b 34.2f 0.803fg 6.82g Chitosan (0.5%) 3.8d 19.4c 0.711de 3.17cd Chitosan (0.25%) 3.7d 20.0c 0.690d 3.47d Significance of Treatment (T) < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 - Table 3.
The influence of penconazole and chitin/chitosan-based soil amendments on pathogen severity of pear scab (Venturia pirini) on Pyrus communis ‘Conference’ (pear ‘Conference’) under field conditionsa.
Treatment Leaf scab severityb Fruit scab severityc SPAD FV/FM PIABS Fruit yield (kg) Control (water) 3.5c 1.8b 36.4a 0.828a 7.47ab 8.44a Penconazole 2.0a 1.0a 42.4b 0.834a 9.92c 10.80c Chitin (1.0%) 2.1a 1.1a 44.1b 0.832a 9.96c 10.10abc Chitosan (1.0%) 2.2a 1.0a 42.0b 0.832a 10.1c 10.56bc Crab meal 3.0b 1.7b 41.9b 0.830a 7.65ab 8.92ab Liquid chitosan 2.4a 1.3a 42.8b 0.834a 9.07bc 8.94ab Agrinos 5-0-0 3.5c 1.9b 37.6a 0.832a 6.84a 9.24abc Significance of Treatment (T) < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.445 < 0.001 < 0.001