Research ArticleArticles

Improved Model Estimates of Tree Debris Following Ice Storms

Richard J. Hauer and Brandon B. Schulz
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF) March 2023, 49 (2) 55-63; DOI: https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2023.005

Article Figures & Data

Figures

  • Figure 1.
    Figure 1.

    Comparison of 30-m resolution National Land Cover Database (NLCD, left image) and approximately 1-m National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP, right image) for Schmeeckle Reserve, Lake Joanis, Stevens Point, WI, USA.

  • Figure 2.
    Figure 2.

    Tree canopy cover (TCC) percentage using 2-m or better imagery (NAIP or NAPP) or 30-m imagery (NLCD) across the entire city (a); percentage TCC across the entire city or only within the rights-of-way (ROWs) using NAIP or NAPP imagery (b).

  • Figure 3.
    Figure 3.

    Box plot comparison of tree canopy cover (TCC) using 2-m or better imagery (NAIP or NAPP) or 30-m imagery (NLCD) across the entire community, or within the rights-of-way only (NAIP or NAPP). Box plot parts are: lower box 1st quartile; line median; X mean; upper box 3rd quartile. Line ends are minimum and maximum values; circles are outliers.

Tables

  • Table 1.

    Estimation of tree debris (yd3) collected from within public lands and rights-of-way by a community following an ice storm. Modified model based on Hauer et al. (2011). TCC (tree canopy cover); TCCCITY (canopy cover estimate across the entire city).

    VariableUnstandardized coefficientsStandard error of the meant-statisticP-value
    Constant−257,64372,644−3.55= 0.001
    Street distance (mi)638.431.920.03< 0.001
    Ice (in)59,30719,3103.07= 0.004
    TCCCITY (%)2,8841,6031.80= 0.081
  • Table 2.

    Comparison of 2 models to estimate tree debris (yd3) following an ice storm collected by a community using a canopy cover estimate across the entire city (TCCCITY). The NLCD (National Land Cover Database) model variable used 30-m imagery and the NAIP (National Agriculture Imagery Program) and NAPP (National Aerial Photography Program) model variables used approximately 2-m or better imagery. SEM (standard error of the mean); TCC (tree canopy cover).

    NLCD Model Adj R2 = 0.949NAIP/NAPP Model Adj R2 = 0.917
    VariableUnstandardized coefficients (SEM)P-valueUnstandardized coefficients (SEM)P-value
    Constant−129,677 (72,644)< 0.001−257,643 (72,644)= 0.001
    Street distance (mi)655.1 (31.9)< 0.001638.4 (31.9)< 0.001
    Ice (in)49,426 (19,310)= 0.00359,307 (19,310)= 0.004
    TCCCITY (%)Not Significant= 0.2072,884 (1,603)= 0.081
  • Table S1.

    Imagery sources and quality used in this study to estimate tree canopy cover (TCC). NLCD (National Land Cover Database); NAIP (National Agriculture Imagery Program); NAPP (National Aerial Photography Program); ND (no data).

    CityStateIce storm yearImagery dateSpectral bandsaImage sourceApproximate resolution (m)NLCD TCC (%) entire communityNAIP/NAPP TCC (%) entire communityNAIP/NAPP TCC (%) street rights-of-way
    BallwinMO20072006Three-BandNAIP231.554.737.6
    BathME20082007Three-BandNAIP147.164.847.6
    BurlingtonNC20021995One-BandNAPP216.130.4ND
    BurlingtonNC20031995One-BandNAPP216.130.4ND
    DecaturIL20062005Three-BandNAIP211.740.439.0
    EllisvilleMO20062005Three-BandNAIP2ND53.040.4
    EuclidOH19961994One-BandNAIP3.59.028.1ND
    EvansvilleIN20092008Four-BandNAIP110.227.124.1
    ExeterMO20072005Three-BandNAIP23.327.727.0
    FayettevilleAR20092006Three-BandNAIP226.142.328.9
    ForsythIL20072005Three-BandNAIP26.229.019.9
    GladstoneMO20021997One-BandNAPP211.630.3ND
    GreenvilleSC20052005Three-BandNAIP140.250.748.3
    HarrisonAR20092006Three-BandNAIP213.137.231.8
    HendersonKY20092008Three-BandNAIP111.928.923.3
    Henderson-villeNC20102009Four-BandNAIP125.735.042.2
    HoldenMA20082006Three-BandNAIP2ND78.561.8
    JacksonMO20072007Three-BandNAIP114.731.923.2
    Jefferson CityMO20072005Three-BandNAIP226.344.431.0
    JonesboroAR20092006Three-BandNAIP224.931.624.4
    LeesburgVA20072006Three-BandNAIP211.331.030.3
    LeominsterMA20082006Three-BandNAIP250.864.652.2
    LincolnIL20062005One-BandNAIP24.035.639.2
    LitchfieldCT20011998One-BandNAPP3.951.2NDND
    MaryvilleMO20072005Three-BandNAIP24.221.023.6
    MayfieldKY20092008Three-BandNAIP19.830.826.4
    Mountain HomeAR20092006Three-BandNAIP219.742.027.6
    OwensboroKY20092008Three-BandNAIP17.021.019.7
    PaducahKY20092008Three-BandNAIP114.136.131.2
    RaleighNC20021999Three-BandNAPP0.532.853.439.4
    Richmond HeightsOH20062005Three-BandNAIP218.649.338.5
    SavannahMO20072006Three-BandNAIP25.127.829.9
    SidneyOH20052004Three-BandNAIP113.727.225.5
    SikestonMO20082007Three-BandNAIP14.315.625.5
    SikestonMO20092007Three-BandNAIP14.315.625.5
    SpringfieldMO20072005Three-BandNAIP211.739.936.3
    St. LouisMO20062005Three-BandNAIP27.916.031.5
    St. PetersMO20072005Three-BandNAIP210.026.924.5
    TulsaOK20072006Three-BandNAIP210.133.932.5
    WinchesterVA20072006Three-BandNAIP29.133.031.7

    • ↵aFour-Band (Natural Color/Color Infrared); Three-Band (Color); One-Band (Black and White)

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Improved Model Estimates of Tree Debris Following Ice Storms
Richard J. Hauer, Brandon B. Schulz
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF) Mar 2023, 49 (2) 55-63; DOI: 10.48044/jauf.2023.005
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