Forgotten Contributions: The Overlooked Impact of Ellen Harrison and Early 20th Century Women in Urban Greening

LITERATURE CITED

1. ↵
   1. Adams A

   . 1996. Architecture in the family way: Doctors, houses, and women, 1870–1900. Montreal (Canada): McGill-Queen’s University Press. 240 p.
2. ↵
   1. Armstrong R

   . 2012. Green space in the gritty city: The planning and development of Philadelphia’s park system, 1854–1929 [dissertation]. Bethlehem (PA, USA): Lehigh University. 234 p. https://preserve.lib.lehigh.edu/islandora/object/preserve%3Abp-3902960
3. ↵
   1. Baratta EA

   . 2002. The performance of history and design in Paul Cret’s Rittenhouse Square [master’s thesis]. Philadelphia (PA, USA): University of Pennsylvania. 326 p. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/320
4. ↵
   1. Bardekjian AC

   . 2016. Towards social arboriculture: Arborists’ perspectives on urban forest labour in Southern Ontario, Canada. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 19:255-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.10.014

   OpenUrl
5. ↵
   1. Bardekjian AC,
   2. Nesbitt L,
   3. Konijnendijk CC,
   4. Lötter BT

   . 2019. Women in urban forestry and arboriculture: Experiences, barriers and strategies for leadership. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 46:126442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.126442

   OpenUrl
6. ↵
   1. Campanella TJ

   . 2003. Republic of shade: New England and the American elm. New Haven (CT, USA): Yale University Press. 228 p.
7. ↵
   1. Civic Club of Philadelphia

   . 1959. Civic Club of Philadelphia records. Civic club general meeting minutes, 1893–1907. Collection no. 1813. 61 volumes; 1 box; 8 feet. Located at: Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. https://discover.hsp.org/Record/ead-1813/Description#tabnav
8. ↵
   1. Cronon W

   . 1996. The trouble with wilderness: Or, getting back to the wrong nature. Environmental History. 1(1):7-28. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/3985059

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
9. ↵
   1. Dudley S,
   2. Goddard DR

   . 1973. Joseph T. Rothrock and forest conservation. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 117(1):37-50. https://www.jstor.org/stable/985946

   OpenUrl
10. ↵
    1. Dümpelmann S

    . 2015. Designing the ‘shapely city’: Women, trees, and the city. Journal of Landscape Architecture. 10(2):6-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/18626033.2015.1058560

    OpenUrl
11. ↵
    1. Dümpelmann S

    . 2019. Seeing trees: A history of street trees in New York City and Berlin. New Haven (CT, USA): Yale University Press. 336 p.
12. ↵
    1. Eisenman TS

    . 2016. Greening cities in an urbanizing age: The human health bases in the nineteenth and early twenty-first centuries. Change Over Time. 6(2):216-246. https://doi.org/10.1353/cot.2016.0014

    OpenUrl
13. ↵
    1. Flanagan MA

    . 2002. Seeing with their hearts: Chicago women and the vision of the good city, 1871–1933. 1st Ed. Princeton (NJ, USA): Princeton University Press. 336 p.
14. ↵
    1. Geddes P

    . 1904. Sixteenth annual report of the City Parks Association of Philadelphia. Philadelphia (PA, USA). 43 p.
15. ↵
    1. Harrison family

    . 2008. Harrison family papers. Collection no. 3103. 1 flat file; 1 box; 0.4 feet. Located at: Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. http://www2.hsp.org/collections/manuscripts/h/Harrison3103.html
16. ↵
    1. Harrison M

    . 1932. Annals of the ancestry of Charles Custis Harrison and Ellen Waln Harrison. Philadelphia (PA, USA): J.B. Lippincott Company. 345 p.
17. ↵
    1. Harshberger JW

    . 1921. The old gardens of Pennsylvania. The Garden Magazine. p. 120-123.
18. ↵
    1. Hauer RJ,
    2. Timilsina N,
    3. Vogt J,
    4. Fischer BC,
    5. Wirtz Z,
    6. Peterson W

    . 2018. A volunteer and partnership baseline for municipal forestry activity in the United States. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 44(2):87-100. https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2018.008

    OpenUrl
19. ↵
    1. Heinzen NM

    . 2009. The perfect square: A history of Rittenhouse Square. Philadelphia (PA, USA): Temple University Press. 224 p.
20. ↵
    1. Helms JA

    . 2002. Forest, forestry, forester: What do these terms mean? Journal of Forestry. 100(8):15-19. https://doi.org/10.1093/jof/100.8.15

    OpenUrl
21. ↵
    1. Historic American Landscapes Survey

    . 2002. John Bartram House and Garden. Washington (DC, USA): Historic American Landscapes Survey. HALS No. PA-1. 134 p. https://www.nps.gov/hdp/samples/HALS/bartram/HALS_PA-1_Hist.pdf
22. ↵
    1. Horte OS,
    2. Eisenman TS

    . 2020. Urban greenways: A systematic review and typology. Land. 9(2):40. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9020040

    OpenUrl
23. ↵
    1. Howard-Borjas PL

    . 2001. Women in the plant world: The significance of women and gender bias for botany and for biodiversity conservation. Wageningen (Netherlands): Wageningen University. 31 p. https://edepot.wur.nl/234682
24. ↵
    1. Johnson ML,
    2. Campbell LK,
    3. Svendsen ES,
    4. Silva P

    . 2018. Why count trees? Volunteer motivations and experiences with tree monitoring in New York City. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 44(2):59-72. https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2018.006

    OpenUrl
25. ↵
    1. Jonnes J

    . 2016. Urban forests: A natural history of trees and people in the American cityscape. New York (NY, USA): Viking Press. 416 p.
26. ↵
    1. Kiechle MA

    . 2017. Smell detectives: An olfactory history of nineteenth-century urban America. Seattle (WA, USA): University of Washington Press. 352 p. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvcwnp2p
27. ↵
    1. Konijnendijk CC,
    2. Ricard RM,
    3. Kenney A,
    4. Randrup T

    . 2006. Defining urban forestry—A comparative perspective of North America and Europe. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 4(3-4):93-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2005.11.003

    OpenUrl
28. ↵
    1. Krausert S

    . 1998. From baking bread to making dough: Legal and societal restrictions on the employment of First Ladies. The University of Chicago Law School Roundtable. 5(1):243-276. https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1396&context=roundtable

    OpenUrl
29. ↵
    1. Lightman B

    . 2007. Victorian popularizers of science: Designing nature for new audiences. Chicago (IL, USA): University of Chicago Press. 564 p. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226481173.001.0001
30. ↵
    1. Lloyd MF

    , editor. 2001. Women at Penn: Timeline of pioneers and achievements. Philadelphia (PA, USA): The University Archives and Records Center. https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-history/women-timeline/1880-1900
31. ↵
    1. MacPhail EC

    . 1976. Kate Sessions: Pioneer horticulturist. San Diego (CA, USA): San Diego Historical Society. 153 p.
32. ↵
    1. Madsen K,
    2. Furlong JF

    . 1994. Women, land, design: Considering connections. Landscape Journal. 13:88-101. https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.13.2.88

    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
33. ↵
    1. McCarthy MP

    . 1987. The unprogressive city: Philadelphia and urban stereotypes at the turn of the century. Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies. 54(4):263-281. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27773204

    OpenUrl
34. ↵
    1. McNulty ML

    . 2020. Forgotten contributions: The overlooked impact of Ellen Harrison and early 20th century women in urban greening [thesis]. Philadelphia (PA, USA): University of Pennsylvania.
35. ↵
    1. Merchant C

    . 1984. Women of the progressive conservation movement: 1900–1916. Environmental Review. 8(1):57-85. https://doi.org/10.2307/3984521

    OpenUrlCrossRef
36. ↵
    1. Merchant C

    . 1995. Earthcare: Women and the environment. New York (NY, USA): Routledge. 304 p.
37. ↵
    1. Milroy E

    . 2016. The grid and the river: Philadelphia’s green places, 1682–1876. University Park (PA, USA): Penn State University Press. 440 p.
38. ↵
    1. Morin KM

    . 2008. Frontiers of femininity: A new historical geography of the nineteenth-century American West. Syracuse (NY, USA): Syracuse University Press. 292 p.
39. ↵
    1. Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association of the Union

    . 1923. Annual report—Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association of the Union. New Haven (CT, USA): The Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor Press.
40. ↵
    1. National Society of the Colonial Dames of America

    . 1911. Register of Pennsylvania Society of the Colonial Dames of America. Lancaster (PA, USA): Wickersham Company. 368 p.
41. 1. Old Penn Weekly Review

    . 1910a. Provost Harrison resigns. Office of the provost records; Charles C. Harrison administration 1854–1943 (bulk 1891–1927). Box 1; Folder 6.a. Located at: The University Archives and Records Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
42. ↵
    1. Old Penn Weekly Review

    . 1910b. A loving tribute to the provost. Office of the provost records; Charles C. Harrison administration 1854–1943 (bulk 1891–1927). Box 1; Folder 6. Located at: The University Archives and Records Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA. p. 357-360b.
43. ↵
    1. Oreskes N

    . 1996. Objectivity or heroism? On the invisibility of women in science. Osiris. 11:87-113. https://www.jstor.org/stable/301928

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
44. ↵
    1. Philadelphia Bulletin

    . 1921. Smoke kills historic trees. 1921 October 15. Philadelphia Bulletin. Philadelphia (PA, USA): Charter Company.
45. ↵
    1. Philadelphia Public Ledger

    . 1922. Bartram neglect blamed on city. 1922 August 9. Philadelphia Public Ledger. Philadelphia (PA, USA): Swain, Abell, and Simmons.
46. ↵
    1. Ray SJ,
    2. Sibara J

    , editors. 2017. Disability studies and the environmental humanities: Toward an eco-crip theory. Lincoln (NE, USA): University of Nebraska Press. 648 p. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1p6jht5
47. ↵
    1. Relf D

    . 1992. Human issues in horticulture. HortTechnology. 2(2):159-171. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH.2.2.159

    OpenUrl
48. ↵
    1. Ricard RM

    . 2005. Shade trees and tree wardens: Revising the history of urban forestry. Journal of Forestry. 103(5):230-233. https://doi.org/10.1093/jof/103.5.230

    OpenUrl
49. ↵
    1. Riedman E

    . 2021. Othermothering in Detroit, MI: Understanding race and gender inequalities in green stormwater infrastructure labor. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning. 23(5):616-627. https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2021.1910019

    OpenUrl
50. ↵
    1. Rimby S

    . 2012. Mira Lloyd Dock and the Progressive Era conservation movement. State College (PA, USA): Penn State University Press. 208 p.
51. ↵
    1. Rivinus MWM

    . 1951. The story of Rittenhouse Square, 1682–1951. Philadelphia (PA, USA): S.A. Wilson. 55 p.
52. ↵
    1. Woudstra J,
    2. Allen C

    1. Roman LA,
    2. Eisenman TS

    . 2022. Drivers of street tree species selection: The case of the London planetrees in Philadelphia. In: Woudstra J, Allen C, editors. The politics of street trees. 1st Ed. London (UK): Routledge. p. 83-96. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003054672
53. ↵
    1. Roman LA,
    2. Fristensky JP,
    3. Eisenman TS,
    4. Greenfield EJ,
    5. Lundgren RE,
    6. Cerwinka CE,
    7. Hewitt DA,
    8. Welsh CC

    . 2017. Growing canopy on a college campus: Understanding urban forest change through archival records and aerial photography. Environmental Management. 60(6):1042-1061. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-017-0934-0

    OpenUrl
54. ↵
    1. Roman LA,
    2. Pearsall H,
    3. Eisenman TS,
    4. Conway TM,
    5. Fahey RT,
    6. Landry S,
    7. Vogt J,
    8. van Doorn NS,
    9. Grove JM,
    10. Locke DH,
    11. Bardekjian AC,
    12. Battles JJ,
    13. Cadenasso ML,
    14. Konijnendijk van den Bosch CC,
    15. Avolio M,
    16. Berland A,
    17. Jenerette GD,
    18. Mincey SK,
    19. Pataki DE,
    20. Staudhammer C

    . 2018. Human and biophysical legacies shape contemporary urban forests: A literature synthesis. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 31:157-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.03.004

    OpenUrl
55. ↵
    1. Schiebinger L

    . 1993. Nature’s body: Gender in the making of modern science. New Brunswick (NJ, USA): Rutgers University Press. 314 p.
56. ↵
    1. Seale W

    . 2013. The Garden Club of America: One hundred years of a growing legacy. Washington (DC, USA): Smithsonian Books. 288 p.
57. ↵
    1. Shipunov A

    . 2021. Introduction to botany. Minot (ND, USA): Minot State University. 192 p. http://herba.msu.ru/shipunov/school/biol_154/textbook/intro_botany.pdf
58. ↵
    1. Shteir AB

    . 1996. Cultivating women, cultivating science: Flora’s daughters and botany in England, 1760–1860. Baltimore (MD, USA): Johns Hopkins University Press. 296 p.
59. ↵
    1. Shteir AB

    . 1997. Gender and “modern” botany in Victorian England. Osiris. 12:29-38. https://www.jstor.org/stable/301897

    OpenUrlPubMed
60. ↵
    1. Spain D

    . 2001. How women saved the city. Minneapolis (MN, USA): University of Minnesota Press. 332 p.
61. ↵
    1. Hadorn GH

    1. Stichweh R

    . 2008. Differentiation of scientific disciplines: Causes and consequences. In: Hadorn GH, editor. Unity of knowledge (in transdisciplinary research for sustainability). Volume 1. Oxford (UK): EOLSS Publications. p. 82-90. https://www.eolss.net/ebooklib/ebookcontents/E6-49-ThemeContents.pdf
62. ↵
    1. The Alumni Register

    . 1922. The university’s friend. Office of the provost records; Charles C. Harrison administration 1854–1943 (bulk 1891–1927). Box 1; Folder 2; XXV no. 2. Located at: The University Archives and Records Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA. p. 97-98.
63. ↵
    1. The City Parks Association of Philadelphia

    . 1905–1906. Seventeenth-eighteenth annual report. Philadelphia (PA, USA): City Parks Association of Philadelphia.
64. ↵
    1. The City Parks Association of Philadelphia

    . 1907. Nineteenth annual report. Philadelphia (PA, USA): City Parks Association of Philadelphia.
65. ↵
    1. The City Parks Association of Philadelphia

    . 1928. Thirty-ninth annual report. Philadelphia (PA, USA): City Parks Association of Philadelphia.
66. ↵
    The Pennsylvania Gazette. 1917. 11th Ed. Volume 15. Philadelphia (PA, USA): University of Pennsylvania.
67. ↵
    The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1898a February 5. Philadelphia (PA, USA): William White Harding.
68. ↵
    The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1898b February 13. Philadelphia (PA, USA): William White Harding.
69. ↵
    The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1898c October 27. Reception at the Bellevue Philadelphia ladies cordially greet the First Lady of the land. Philadelphia (PA, USA): William White Harding.
70. ↵
    The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1899 March 26. Philadelphia (PA, USA): William White Harding.
71. ↵
    The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1904 April 9. Colonial dames planted elms in front of Independence Hall. Philadelphia (PA, USA): William White Harding.
72. The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1907 May 4. Philadelphia (PA, USA): William White Harding.
73. The Philadelphia Inquirer. 1921 June 12. Bartram’s garden will be restored. Philadelphia (PA, USA): William White Harding.
74. ↵
    The Times. 1897 October 24. Botanical Society meets Dr. MacFarlane explains the objects of the organization at its initial meeting. Philadelphia (PA, USA): Alexander McClure and Frank McLaughlin.
75. 1. The University Archives and Records Center

    . [date unknown]. Office of the provost records; Charles C. Harrison administration 1854–1943 (bulk 1891–1927): Ellen Nixon Waln Harrison Correspondence. Box 5; Folder 30; 5.5 feet. Located at: The University Archives and Records Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA; UPA 6.2H. https://archives.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/upa6_2h.pdf
76. 1. The University Archives and Records Center

    . 1897 October 24. Botanical Society of Pennsylvania records, 1897–1958: Minute book 1897–1907. Box 1; Folder 3; 2 feet. Located at: The University Archives and Records Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA; UPB 1.9BTS. https://archives.upenn.edu/collections/finding-aid/upb1_9bts
77. ↵
    1. The University Archives and Records Center

    . 1900. Office of the provost records; Charles C. Harrison administration 1854–1943 (bulk 1891–1927): Correspondence from Emlen Hare Miller to Ellen Harrison. Box 5; Folder 29; 5.5 feet. Located at: The University Archives and Records Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA; UPA 6.2H. https://archives.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/upa6_2h.pdf
78. ↵
    1. The University Archives and Records Center

    . 1902a. Office of the provost records; Charles C. Harrison administration 1854–1943 (bulk 1891–1927): Correspondence from Francis P. Sibley. Box 5; Folder 30. Located at: The University Archives and Records Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA; UPA 6.2H. https://archives.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/upa6_2h.pdf
79. ↵
    1. The University Archives and Records Center

    . 1902b. Office of the provost records; Charles C. Harrison administration 1854–1943 (bulk 1891–1927): Correspondences to Ellen Harrison. Box 5; Folder 30; 5.5 feet. Located at: The University Archives and Records Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA; UPA 6.2H. https://archives.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/upa6_2h.pdf
80. ↵
    1. The University Archives and Records Center

    . 1910. Office of the provost records; Charles C. Harrison administration 1854–1943 (bulk 1891–1927): Students honor Provost Harrison. Box 1; Folder 4; 5.5 feet. Located at: The University Archives and Records Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA; UPA 6.2H. https://archives.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/upa6_2h.pdf
81. ↵
    1. The University Archives and Records Center

    . 1977. Office of the provost records; Charles C. Harrison administration 1854–1943 (bulk 1891–1927): Correspondence from Mr. James F. Dallett to Mrs. John T. Nightingale. Box 1; Folder 2; 5.5 feet. Located at: The University Archives and Records Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA; UPA 6.2H. https://archives.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/upa6_2h.pdf
82. ↵
    1. The University Archives and Records Center

    . 2000. Office of the provost records; Charles C. Harrison administration 1854–1943 (bulk 1891–1927). 5.5 feet. Located at: The University Archives and Records Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA; UPA 6.2H. https://archives.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/upa6_2h.pdf
83. ↵
    1. Thomas GE,
    2. Brownlee DB

    . 2000. Building America’s first university: An historical and architectural guide to the University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia (PA, USA): University of Pennsylvania Press. 374 p.
84. ↵
    1. Shteir A,
    2. Lightman B

    1. Tucker J

    . 2006. Gender and genre in Victorian scientific photography. In: Shteir A, Lightman B, editors. Figuring it out: Science, gender, and visual culture. Hanover (NH, USA): Dartmouth. p. 140-163.
85. ↵
    1. Wilson WH

    . 1975. “More almost than the men”: Mira Lloyd Dock and the beautification of Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 99(4):490-499. https://journals.psu.edu/pmhb/article/view/43194/42915

    OpenUrl
86. ↵
    1. Wirt GH

    . 1939. Joseph Trimble Rothrock: The father of forestry in Pennsylvania. Journal of Forestry. 37(5):361-363. https://doi.org/10.1093/jof/37.5.361

    OpenUrl
87. ↵
    1. Wulf A

    . 2009. The brother gardeners: Botany, empire, and the birth of an obsession. New York (NY, USA): Alfred A. Knopf. 368 p.