Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Map depicting Washington DC and the 20 states involved in the study, including Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.
- Figure 2.
Percentage of survey responses by industry type.
- Figure 3.
Average years in business by industry type within the green industry.
- Figure 4.
Future outlook of urban forestry activities by industry type: (1) extremely bad, (2) somewhat bad, (3) neutral, (4) somewhat good, (5) extremely good.
Tables
- Table 1.
Variables used in the model explaining the future outlook of the private business involved in urban forestry (UF) activities.
Variable Description No. of observations Mean outlook Categorical variable (how respondents described the future outlook of their business in UF): 1 – extremely bad, 2 – somewhat bad, 3 – neutral, 4 – somewhat good, 5 – extremely good 377 3.67 landscaping Binary variable: 1 – business engaged in landscaping services (NAICS 561730), 0 – otherwise 450 0.50 nursery supply Binary variable: 1 – business engaged in nursery supplies wholesalers (NAICS 424930), 0 – otherwise 450 0.02 nursery tree Binary variable: 1 – business engaged in nursery and tree production (NAICS 111421), 0 – otherwise 450 0.10 nursery stores Binary variable: 1 – business engaged in nursery retail stores (NAICS 444220), 0 – otherwise 449 0.08 architecture Binary variable: 1 – business engaged in landscape architectural services (NAICS 541320), 0 – otherwise 450 0.16 jobs Numerical variable: the sum of full-time, part-time, and seasonal employees 388 32.33 longevity Numerical variable: years in active business 396 35.25 UF jobs Percentage of total jobs in UF activities 381 30.61 R&D Categorical variable (how respondents rated the impact of the issue about inadequate research and development on their business): 1 – none, 5 – a great deal 380 1.78 corporate Binary variable (representing the corporate organizational structure of the business): 1 – corporation, 0 – otherwise 381 0.39 supply chain Categorical variable (how respondents rated the impact of the issue about supply chain on their business): 1 – none, 5 – a great deal 380 1.80 recruitment Categorical variable (how respondents rated the impact of the issue about workforce recruitment on their business): 1 – none, 5 – a great deal 381 3.28 retention Categorical variable (how respondents rated the impact of the issue about retaining employees on their business): 1 – none, 5 – a great deal 380 2.54 Business type by NAICS No. of useable responses Average employees (full-time, part-time, and seasonal) UF-related employees (%) Landscaping services (561730) 223 40 43 Nursery and tree production (111421) 48 61 23 Nursery and garden supplies stores (444220) 35 24 19 Farm and garden equipment wholesalers (423820) 27 59 16 Nursery and florist merchant wholesalers (424930) 11 11 28 Landscape architectural services (541320) 70 12 20 Business type by NAICS No. of useable responses Average annual sales ($) UF-related sales (%) Landscaping services (561730) 223 500k to 1 million 44 Nursery and tree production (111421) 48 500k to 1 million 31 Nursery and garden supplies stores (444220) 35 1 million to 2.5 million 24 Farm and garden equipment wholesalers (423820) 27 2.5 million to 5 million 18 Nursery and florist merchant wholesalers (424930) 11 500k to 1 million 32 Landscape architectural services (541320) 70 250k to 500k 25 - Table 4.
Average severity of issues influencing urban forestry (UF) activities by industry type (1 – not at all, 2 – a little, 3 – some, 4 – quite a bit, and 5 – a great deal).
Business type by NAICS Difficulty in recruiting workforce Difficulty in retaining employees Inadequate supply chains Inadequate R&D Public perception and value of trees Landscaping services (561730) 3.69 2.79 1.75 1.75 2.55 Nursery and tree production (111421) 3.35 2.60 2.05 1.90 2.79 Nursery and garden supplies stores (444220) 3.14 2.79 2.00 1.85 2.39 Farm and garden equipment wholesalers (423820) 2.83 2.13 1.52 1.35 1.39 Nursery and florist merchant wholesalers (424930) 2.56 2.00 1.56 1.56 2.67 Landscape architectural services (541320) 2.39 1.77 1.86 1.96 3.12 - Table 5.
Ordered logistic regression results in unrestricted (full) and restricted (reduced) models highlighting the factors explaining the outlook of the private green industry on the urban forestry (UF) business.
Variable Full ordered logistic model (N = 346) Restricted generalized ordered logistic model (N = 349) Coefficient (standard error) P-value (P > [z]) Coefficient (standard error) P-value (P > [z]) Odds ratio landscaping 0.17 (0.31) 0.58 0.46 (0.22) 0.04 1.58 nursery supply −1.96 (0.72) 0.00 −1.73 (0.67) 0.01 0.18 nursery tree −0.37 (0.42) 0.38 nursery stores −0.17 (0.46) 0.72 architecture −0.26 (0.38) 0.49 Log (jobs) 0.14 (0.09) 0.11 0.13 (0.08) 0.09 1.15 Log (longevity) −0.18 (0.15) 0.24 UF jobs 0.02 (0.01) 0.00 −0.01 (0.01)a 0.17 0.98 corporate 0.37 (0.22) 0.09 0.36 (0.21) 0.09 1.43 R&D 0.25 (0.13) 0.05 0.20 (0.12) 0.08 1.22 supply chain −0.10 (0.13) 0.43 recruitment 0.08 (0.11) 0.46 retention −0.06 (0.12) 0.63 The likelihood ratio test of proportionality of odds 67.64 0.00 12.54 0.56 ↵a The Gamma function in the generalized ordered logistic regression produces 4 Gamma coefficients for the variables that deviate from proportionality. So, UF jobs has Gamma 2 value of 0.02 (0.01), Gamma 3 value of 0.04 (0.01), and Gamma 4 value of 0.04 (0.01). All 3 Gamma estimates are statistically significant.
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