Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Selected cities and the measured individual trees across the cities. The background map of Bavaria, Germany shows the location and the climate (average precipitation in July) of the selected cities (Rötzer et al. 1997). The maps of the cities provide the sampling sites of the measured tree species: A. hippocastanum (brown), R. pseudoacacia (red), T. cordata (green), and P. × hispanica (blue)(ESRI 2019).
- Figure 2.
Illustration of measured and calculated tree structural variables: diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height (TH), crown base height (CS), crown diameter (CD), crown length (CL), crown projection area (CPA), crown volume (CV), and tree pit.
- Figure 3.
Allometric relationships based on diameter at breast height (DBH) for the development of tree height, crown projection area (CPA), crown diameter, crown length, crown volume, and leaf area index (LAI) of A. hippocastanum, P. × hispanica, R. pseudoacacia, and T. cordata, pooled for the 6 South German cities by regression. Regression coefficients are given in Table 3.
- Figure 4.
Development of tree height in m over diameter at breast height (DBH) in cm for the analyzed tree species A. hippocastanum, T. cordata, P. × hispanica, and R. pseudoacacia in Bayreuth, Kempten, Hof, Nuremberg, Munich, and Würzburg, generated with non-linear least square functions.
- Figure 5.
Development of tree height in m and crown diameter in m over diameter at breast height (DBH) in cm in Bayreuth, Kempten, Hof, Nuremberg, Munich, and Würzburg for the analyzed tree species A. hippocastanum, T. cordata, P. × hispanica, and R. pseudoacacia, generated with nonlinear least square functions.
- Figure 6.
Boxplots of diameter at breast height (DBH) distribution (upper row) and tree height distribution (lower row) of R. pseudoacacia, T. cordata, A. hippocastanum, and P. × hispanica grown at parks, squares, and streets for all cities pooled together. * : P < 0.05, ** : P < 0.01, *** : P < 0.001.
- Figure 7.
Circle plots of the average (a) unsealed area and (b) distance to a surrounding tree or building in 8 measured intercardinal directions in the categories city, species, and site, plotted with the average crown radius of all trees. The center of each circular plot refers to the tree location.
- Figure S1.
Development of crown projection area (CPA) in m2 and crown volume (CV) in m3 over diameter at breast height (DBH) in cm for the analyzed tree species A. hippocastanum, T. cordata, P. × hispanica, and R. pseudoacacia in Bayreuth, Kempten, Hof, Nuremberg, Munich, and Würzburg, generated with nonlinear least square functions.
- Figure S2.
Figure S2. Development of tree height in m, crown diameter in m, crown projection area (CPA) in m2, and crown volume in m3 over age in years for the analyzed tree species A. hippocastanum, T. cordata, P. × hispanica, and R. pseudoacacia in Bayreuth, Kempten, Hof, Nuremberg, Munich, and Würzburg, generated with nonlinear least square functions.
Tables
- Table 1.
Climate characteristics of the long-term mean (1965–2015) of the selected cities derived from DWD (2018).
City Temperature (°C) Precipitation (mm yr−1) Altitude ASL (m) Bayreuth 8.4 728 340 Hof 7.5 716 491 Kempten 7.4 1,257 674 Munich 9.6 960 519 Nuremberg 9.2 634 312 Würzburg 9.6 599 177 - Table 2.
Mean values and standard deviation of age, diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height (TH), crown diameter (CD), crown length (CL), crown projection area (CPA), crown volume (CV), and tree pit, together with the sample size (n) of each species (A. hippocastanum, P. × hispanica, R. pseudoacacia, and T. cordata) in the chosen cities of Bayreuth, Hof, Kempten, Munich, Nuremberg, and Würzburg.
n Age (years) DBH (cm) TH (m) CD (m) CL (m) CPA (m2) CV (m3) Tree pit (m2) A. hippocastanum 590 67.93 ± 31.9 50.1 ± 21.7 14.4 ± 4.7 9.7 ± 3.1 11.4 ± 4.4 81.7 ± 48.0 1,081.5 ± 927.8 101.9 ± 105.3 Bayreuth 102 62.8 ± 31.9 42.8 ± 19.9 15.0 ± 5.9 9.3 ± 3.6 11.7 ± 5.5 77.7 ± 56.1 1,147.1 ± 1,183.3 136.7 ± 107.0 Hof 65 53.4 ± 25.3 40.7 ± 18.1 12.3 ± 4.1 7.8 ± 2.6 9.1 ± 3.9 53.2 ± 33.0 583.7 ± 546.4 116.8 ± 100.7 Kempten 55 60.8 ± 41.4 44.5 ± 28.9 12.6 ± 4.8 9.2 ± 3.6 10.0 ± 4.5 75.9 ± 52.6 958.4 ± 997.5 105.8 ± 94.1 Munich 231 83.8 ± 24.6 63.3 ± 14.8 16.1 ± 3.5 11.0 ± 2.2 12.8 ± 3.4 99.4 ± 39.9 1,339.2 ± 780.1 32.7 ± 25.3 Nuremberg 62 56.1 ± 31.9 41.2 ± 20.3 13.0 ± 4.4 9.1 ± 3.2 10.2 ± 4.2 72.9 ± 53.0 917.3 ± 1,053.8 170.7 ± 135.6 Würzburg 75 53.7 ± 28.8 38.6 ± 19.3 13.0 ± 4.7 8.9 ± 2.8 10.3 ± 4.0 69.0 ± 43.1 856.3 ± 789.3 202.6 ± 102.0 P. × hispanica 448 37.51 ± 20.2 37.1 ± 20.0 15.7 ± 5.2 11.2 ± 4.5 12.2 ± 5.1 113.7 ± 88.2 1,759.8 ± 2,049.3 285.1 ± 654.1 Bayreuth 103 41.23 ± 23.1 40.8 ± 22.9 16.7 ± 5.7 12.1 ± 5.1 12.8 ± 5.7 136 ± 104.2 2,232.1 ± 2,513.8 96.9 ± 91.4 Hof 33 18.5 ± 6.9 18.3 ± 6.8 10.4 ± 2.4 6.0 ± 2.3 7.3 ± 1.8 31.9 ± 25.5 264.8 ± 266.3 38.0 ± 64.9 Kempten 39 29.1 ± 11.5 28.8 ± 11.4 14.0 ± 3.8 9.8 ± 3.1 10.7 ± 3.4 83.4 ± 48.1 1,028.1 ± 816.3 57.0 ± 57.3 Munich 111 39.5 ± 20.6 39.1 ± 20.4 16.0 ± 4.9 11.6 ± 4.7 12.5 ± 5.2 123.1 ± 95.9 1,983.5 ± 2,117.8 874.7 ± 1,111.5 Nuremberg 82 46.6 ± 21.1 46.1 ± 20.9 18.1 ± 5.5 11.9 ± 4.2 14.6 ± 5.5 125.4 ± 89.2 2,192.5 ± 2,425.4 96.6 ± 114.0 Würzburg 79 33.1 ± 12.6 37.3 ± 21.2 15.7 ± 4.6 11.9 ± 4.0 12.1 ± 4.3 124.1 ± 87.5 1,836.6 ± 2,325.3 116.3 ± 102.9 R. pseudoacacia 412 39.5 ± 18.2 39.7 ± 18.3 14.5 ± 4.7 9.1 ± 2.9 10.7 ± 4.0 70.9 ± 44.8 873.9 ± 816.5 103.4 ± 102.1 Bayreuth 100 39.6 ± 14.2 39.7 ± 14.2 15.7 ± 5.0 9.3 ± 2.2 11.4 ± 4.1 72.5 ± 32.4 885.1 ± 625.1 122.1 ± 106.8 Hof 17 21.8 ± 13.6 21.9 ± 13.7 9.7 ± 3.3 6.1 ± 2.4 7.0 ± 2.8 31.0 ± 29.7 280.8 ± 427.1 93.9 ± 85.8 Kempten 38 39.3 ± 17.6 39.4 ± 17.6 14.4 ± 4.7 9.7 ± 2.8 11.4 ± 4.2 80.0 ± 39.2 1,027.8 ± 673.7 127.2 ± 90.9 Munich 106 35.5 ± 19.6 35.6 ± 19.8 13.9 ± 4.7 8.0 ± 2.8 9.6 ± 3.9 56.0 ± 36.3 669.6 ± 640.6 99.2 ± 93.2 Nuremberg 62 45.2 ± 15.1 45.4 ± 15.2 14.1 ± 3.8 9.5 ± 2.6 10.5 ± 3.2 76.2 ± 42.2 878.4 ± 694.0 94.0 ± 101.1 Würzburg 89 43.9 ± 20.4 44.1 ± 20.4 15.4 ± 4.7 10.0 ± 3.1 11.8 ± 4.1 86.3 ± 52.7 1,164.1 ± 1,072.1 111.0 ± 118.0 T. cordata 553 44.3 ± 21.8 33.0 ± 17.2 13.0 ± 4.5 8.1 ± 3.1 9.6 ± 4.1 58.7 ± 42.6 705.8 ± 790.3 321.7 ± 1,932.4 Bayreuth 108 52.0 ± 29.6 38.8 ± 23.3 14.0 ± 6.1 8.7 ± 3.7 10.1 ± 5.5 70.7 ± 56.7 944.4 ± 1,135.5 98.7 ± 96.9 Hof 62 36.9 ± 14.2 27.4 ± 11.6 11.3 ± 3.3 6.8 ± 2.2 8.0 ± 2.9 39.9 ± 23.7 372.3 ± 324.3 567 ± 82.2 Kempten 61 45.2 ± 18.2 33.7 ± 14.6 13.4 ± 8.9 8.3 ± 2.5 10.2 ± 3.4 59.6 ± 32.1 698.9 ± 521.9 89.3 ± 104.9 Munich 159 42.5 ± 19.3 31.4 ± 15.2 12.9 ± 4.1 7.6 ± 2.9 9.6 ± 3.7 52.3 ± 38.0 617.3 ± 678.1 877.5 ± 3,537.1 Nuremberg 77 46.4 ± 21.7 34.5 ± 16.9 13.5 ± 4.3 8.7 ± 2.8 10.2 ± 3.8 65.3 ± 40.7 806.6 ± 821.1 106.4 ± 107.4 Würzburg 86 41.0 ± 19.1 30.5 ± 15.3 12.2 ± 4.6 8.3 ± 3.1 9.3 ± 3.9 62.1 ± 42.8 723 ± 725.6 115.6 ± 101.5 - Table 3.
Allometric relationships with intercept (a), slope (b), standard error (SE), residual standard error (RSE), R2, F-value, and P-value for A. hippocastanum, P. × hispanica, R. pseudoacacia, and T. cordata in South Germany to estimate tree height (TH), crown projection area (CPA), crown diameter (CD), crown length (CL), crown volume (CV), and leaf area index (LAI) over diameter at breast height (DBH)
x y a SE b SE RSE R2 F P A. hippocastanum DBH TH 0.50551 0.05 0.55557 0.01 0.18 0.72 1,541 < 0.001 CPA −0.477 0.10 1.23016 0.03 0.34 0.79 2,203 < 0.001 CD −0.11772 0.05 0.61508 0.01 0.17 0.79 2,203 < 0.001 CL −0.24645 0.07 0.68303 0.02 0.24 0.70 1,391 < 0.001 CV −0.72345 0.14 1.91319 0.04 0.49 0.82 2,594 < 0.001 LAI 0.537219 0.03 0.076459 0.01 0.10 0.15 104 < 0.001 P. × hispanica DBH TH 0.79063 0.04 0.55053 0.01 0.14 0.82 2,047 < 0.001 CPA −0.8246 0.11 1.5046 0.03 0.37 0.84 2,296 < 0.001 CD −0.29154 0.06 0.7523 0.02 0.19 0.84 2,296 < 0.001 CL −0.005759 0.06 0.695841 0.02 0.20 0.78 1,625 < 0.001 CV −0.8304 0.14 2.20044 0.04 0.49 0.87 2,945 < 0.001 LAI 1.00785 0.05 −0.09901 0.02 0.18 0.09 42 < 0.001 R. pseudoacacia DBH TH 0.99291 0.08 0.45798 0.02 0.23 0.52 451 < 0.001 CPA −0.16352 0.13 1.18144 0.04 0.40 0.71 1,005 < 0.001 CD 0.03596 0.07 0.59191 0.02 0.20 0.71 1,012 < 0.001 CL 0.26121 0.09 0.57188 0.02 0.25 0.58 572 < 0.001 CV 0.09767 0.17 1.75283 0.05 0.52 0.76 1,314 < 0.001 LAI −1.088 0.09 0.42704 0.03 0.27 0.41 285 < 0.001 T. cordata DBH TH 0.59171 0.05 0.56854 0.01 0.18 0.75 1,670 < 0.001 CPA −1.0811 0.09 1.44802 0.03 0.32 0.86 3,286 < 0.001 CD −0.43202 0.04 0.72758 0.01 0.16 0.86 3,294 < 0.001 CL −0.19833 0.06 0.70549 0.02 0.24 0.73 1,478 < 0.001 CV −1.28042 0.13 2.15384 0.04 0.48 0.86 3,289 < 0.001 LAI 0.1269 0.04 0.2281 0.01 0.14 0.43 412 < 0.001 - Table S1.
Linear mixed model of the crown radius in m of all analyzed trees (response variable), with the individual tree code as random effect and fixed effects area of the tree pit related to the intercardinal direction factor.
Parameter Fixed effect Value ± SD P a Intercept 4.02 ± 0.26 < 0.001 areaij Tree Pit 0.06 ± 0.02 < 0.001 directionNij Direction N −0.04 ± 0.06 0.01 directionNEij Direction NE 0.04 ± 0.06 0.06 directionNWij Direction NW −0.08 ± 0.06 0.06 directionSij Direction S 0.05 ± 0.06 0.06 directionSEij Direction SE 0.15 ± 0.05 0.06 directionSWij Direction SW 0.04 ± 0.06 0.06 directionWij Direction W −0.15 ± 0.06 0.06 Random effect dij 0.20 - ε 0.09 - Levels of direction: 8 (E, N, NE, NW, S, SE, SW, W).
SD (standard deviation).
- Table S2.
Linear mixed model of the crown radius in m of all analyzed trees (response variable), with the individual tree code as random effect and fixed effects distance to next obstacle (trees and buildings) related to the intercardinal direction factor.
Parameter Fixed effect Value ± SD P a Intercept 4.49 ± 0.27 < 0.001 distanceij Distance to obstacle 0.001 ± 0.004 < 0.001 directionNij Direction N −0.08 ± 0.06 0.01 directionNEij Direction NE −0.002 ± 0.06 0.06 directionNWij Direction NW −0.13 ± 0.06 0.06 directionSij Direction S 0.10 ± 0.06 0.06 directionSEij Direction SE 0.14 ± 0.06 0.06 directionSWij Direction SW −0.001 ± 0.06 0.06 directionWij Direction W −0.18 ± 0.06 0.06 Random effect dij 0.31 - ε 0.10 - Levels of direction: 8 (E, N, NE, NW, S, SE, SW, W).
SD (standard deviation).
Jump to section
Related Articles
Cited By...
- No citing articles found.