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Research ArticleArticles

Changes in Leaf Thickness, Chlorophyll Content, and Gas Exchange of a Landscape Tree, Xanthostemon chrysanthus, Treated with Paclobutrazol and Potassium Nitrate

Ahmad Nazarudin Mohd Roseli, Tsan Fui Ying and Normaniza Osman
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF) March 2021, 47 (2) 53-63; DOI: https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2021.005
Ahmad Nazarudin Mohd Roseli
Ahmad Nazarudin Mohd Roseli (corresponding author), Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia +603-62797235,
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  • For correspondence: [email protected]
Tsan Fui Ying
Tsan Fui Ying, Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Melaka, Kampus Jasin, 77300 Merlimau, Melaka, Malaysia
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Normaniza Osman
Normaniza Osman, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya (UM), 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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  • Figure 1.
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    Figure 1.

    Xanthostemon chrysanthus planted by the roadside of Metropolitan Batu Park.

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    Figure 2.

    Comparison of leaf size and greenness in X. chrysanthus at 6 months after treatment with PBZ and KNO3.

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    Figure 3.

    Micrographs of X. chrysanthus leaves at 6 months after treatment with PBZ and KNO3. (a) Untreated control leaf; (b) KNO3-treated leaf; (c) PBZ-treated leaf; (d) PBZ + KNO3-treated leaf. Palisade parenchyma (P); Spongy parenchyma (S); Epidermis (E); Cuticle (C).

Tables

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    Table 1.

    Monthly changes in relative chlorophyll content of X. chrysanthus treated with PBZ and KNO3.

    Treatment combinationRelative chlorophyll content
    PBZ (g L−1)KNO3 (g)Apr 2012May 2012Jun 2012Jul 2012Aug 2012Sep 2012Oct 2012Nov 2012Dec 2012Jan 2013Feb 2013Mar 2013
    0041.93 ± 2.69 a40.92 ± 2.55 b41.20 ± 1.24 d41.88 ± 2.41 d41.21 ± 2.55 c41.28 ± 1.98 b41.23 ± 1.22 b41.09 ± 2.62 b40.14 ± 4.30 b41.06 ± 1.69 b39.48 ± 1.99 c39.44 ± 2.05 b
    010042.34 ± 3.16 a45.57 ± 3.21 a48.32 ± 4.25 bc52.24 ± 4.01 ab50.21 ± 3.26 b49.72 ± 3.81 a48.61 ± 2.00 a49.23 ± 3.69 a48.97 ± 4.39 a49.21 ± 5.26 a48.28 ± 3.70 ab49.70 ± 5.04 a
    020041.63 ± 3.25 a45.92 ± 4.99 a48.55 ± 5.48 bc50.28 ± 5.14 bc47.59 ± 3.47 b47.48 ± 7.03 a48.70 ± 5.77 a47.53 ± 2.99 a48.76 ± 4.73 a46.72 ± 6.30 a47.37 ± 4.73 ab47.60 ± 3.11 a
    0.125040.86 ± 2.43 a45.17 ± 3.85 a49.82 ± 2.83 abc49.88 ± 3.80 bc49.74 ± 5.39 b49.92 ± 4.72 a48.62 ± 3.64 a49.63 ± 3.82 a51.44 ± 5.49 a50.44 ± 3.01 a48.54 ± 3.38 ab47.92 ± 3.33 a
    0.12510040.92 ± 2.50 a47.22 ± 5.03 a52.34 ± 3.43 ab54.08 ± 4.48 ab51.16 ± 5.03 ab51.63 ± 4.64 a53.06 ± 4.13 a51.27 ± 3.94 a52.82 ± 7.20 a49.63 ± 4.90 a50.58 ± 5.50 ab48.96 ± 4.86 a
    0.12520040.16 ± 2.47 a46.91 ± 5.68 a52.25 ± 4.37 ab54.38 ± 3.56 ab52.53 ± 5.78 ab51.30 ± 3.36 a51.12 ± 4.54 a50.79 ± 6.37 a48.89 ± 3.14 a50.79 ± 6.79 a50.38 ± 2.84 ab50.21 ± 2.88 a
    0.25041.88 ± 1.82 a46.81 ± 2.17 a50.67 ± 4.15 abc53.61 ± 3.09 ab51.82 ± 3.31 ab50.93 ± 5.20 a51.29 ± 3.41 a49.09 ± 3.50 a51.78 ± 4.51 a49.09 ± 4.71 a50.26 ± 5.21 ab49.02 ± 5.60 a
    0.2510040.30 ± 2.90 a46.78 ± 3.38 a50.82 ± 4.31 abc54.21 ± 3.47 ab51.92 ± 5.55 ab50.07 ± 2.81 a52.09 ± 5.75 a51.66 ± 6.00 a51.71 ± 3.97 a51.43 ± 4.40 a49.63 ± 3.79 ab50.32 ± 3.83 a
    0.2520041.48 ± 3.49 a45.71 ± 5.94 a48.82 ± 4.46 abc54.35 ± 4.65 ab52.16 ± 5.25 ab51.29 ± 6.47 a49.86 ± 3.94 a49.54 ± 2.84 a51.60 ± 5.88 a50.22 ± 4.76 a51.58 ± 4.94 a50.94 ± 5.09 a
    • Means followed by the same letter(s) within column do not differ by DMRT (2-way ANOVA, p < 0.05); Mean ± standard deviation; n = 27/treatment.

    • View popup
    Table 2.

    Thickness increase of palisade and spongy parenchyma in X. chrysanthus at 6 months after treatment with PBZ and KNO3.

    Treatment combinationPalisade parenchyma thicknessSpongy parenchyma thickness
    PBZ (g L−1)KNO3 (g)increase (%)increase (%)
    002.491.27
    010014.691.58
    020016.791.12
    0.125036.321.37
    0.12510042.38−0.74
    0.12520044.43−0.06
    0.25037.410.67
    0.2510044.31−1.02
    0.2520051.12−1.18
    • View popup
    Table 3.

    Changes in leaf thickness of X. chrysanthus at 6 months after treatment with PBZ and KNO3.

    Treatment combinationLeaf thickness (μm)Leaf thickness increase (%)
    PBZ (g L−1)KNO3 (g)0 months after treatment6 months after treatment6 months after treatment
    00185.40 ± 9.69 a187.08 ± 8.50 d0.91
    0100184.19 ± 6.26 a193.21 ± 10.98 c4.89
    0200184.21 ± 8.20 a193.18 ± 8.69 c4.87
    0.1250185.39 ± 5.65 a203.77 ± 9.48 b9.91
    0.125100184.64 ± 3.91 a206.90 ± 8.36 ab12.06
    0.125200185.41 ± 6.64 a207.14 ± 8.85 ab11.72
    0.250184.62 ± 6.34 a203.44 ± 10.26 b10.19
    0.25100184.18 ± 4.78 a206.84 ± 7.79 ab12.30
    0.25200185.44 ± 3.68 a210.23 ± 7.11 a13.37
    • Means followed by the same letter(s) within column do not differ by DMRT (2-way ANOVA, p < 0.05); Mean ± standard deviation; n = 45/treatment.

    • View popup
    Table 4.

    Physiological response of X. chrysanthus at 6 and 12 months after treatment with PBZ and KNO3.

    Treatment combinationPhotosynthetic rate (μmol m−2s−1)Transpiration rate (mmol m−2s−1)Stomatal conductance (mol m−2s−1)
    PBZ (g L−1)KNO3 (g)6 months after treatment12 months after treatment6 months after treatment12 months after treatment6 months after treatment12 months after treatment
    006.56 ± 1.07 a6.02 ± 0.93 a3.04 ± 0.80 a2.72 ± 0.56 a0.14 ± 0.03 a0.14 ± 0.07 a
    01005.28 ± 0.60 b5.40 ± 0.74 b2.18 ± 0.59 b1.90 ± 0.37 b0.11 ± 0.08 a0.12 ± 0.06 a
    02005.50 ± 0.69 b5.07 ± 0.76 b2.01 ± 0.53 b1.95 ± 0.51 b0.11 ± 0.08 a0.11 ± 0.07 a
    0.12503.82 ± 0.61 cde3.53 ± 0.63 c0.78 ± 0.12 c0.76 ± 0.14 c0.05 ± 0.02 b0.05 ± 0.02 b
    0.1251003.86 ± 0.62 cd3.58 ± 0.90 c0.84 ± 0.11 c0.76 ± 0.15 c0.05 ± 0.02 b0.03 ± 0.01 b
    0.1252003.92 ± 0.93 cd3.73 ± 0.93 c0.77 ± 0.13 c0.74 ± 0.16 c0.04 ± 0.02 b0.03 ± 0.01 b
    0.2503.25 ± 1.17 de3.23 ± 0.82 c0.76 ± 0.13 c0.72 ± 0.14 c0.05 ± 0.03 b0.04 ± 0.03 b
    0.251003.55 ± 0.90 de3.31 ± 0.55 c0.76 ± 0.12 c0.74 ± 0.13 c0.02 ± 0.01 b0.03 ± 0.01 b
    0.252003.42 ± 0.58 de3.27 ± 0.38 c0.75 ± 0.13 c0.74 ± 0.11 c0.02 ± 0.01 b0.03 ± 0.02 b
    • Means followed by the same letter(s) within column do not differ by DMRT (2-way ANOVA, p < 0.05); Mean ± standard deviation; n = 27/treatment.

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Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF): 47 (2)
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF)
Vol. 47, Issue 2
March 2021
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Changes in Leaf Thickness, Chlorophyll Content, and Gas Exchange of a Landscape Tree, Xanthostemon chrysanthus, Treated with Paclobutrazol and Potassium Nitrate
Ahmad Nazarudin Mohd Roseli, Tsan Fui Ying, Normaniza Osman
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF) Mar 2021, 47 (2) 53-63; DOI: 10.48044/jauf.2021.005

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Changes in Leaf Thickness, Chlorophyll Content, and Gas Exchange of a Landscape Tree, Xanthostemon chrysanthus, Treated with Paclobutrazol and Potassium Nitrate
Ahmad Nazarudin Mohd Roseli, Tsan Fui Ying, Normaniza Osman
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF) Mar 2021, 47 (2) 53-63; DOI: 10.48044/jauf.2021.005
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