Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Location of Ithaca, New York, USA.
- Figure 2.
Sample map from the Ithaca tree inventory 1928–1947. Elms are color coded orange.
- Figure 3.
DBH size class distributions of street trees 1928–1947 to 2019.
- Figure 4.
DBH size class distributions of park trees 1996–2019.
Tables
1902 1928–1947 1987 1996 2006 2013 2019 Data level Summary only Individual records Summary only Individual records Individual records Individual records Individual records Inventory personnel Unknown City forester Students Students Certified arborists Certified arborists Certified arborists Number of trees 5621 5195 5303 9859 11,028 10,695 10,895 Street and/or park Street trees only Street trees only Street trees only Street and park trees Street and park trees Street and park trees Street and park trees Species and/or genus Species and genus Genus only Species and genus Species and genus Species and genus Species and genus Species and genus Trunk diameter (DBH) No DBH Individual DBH DBH profiles Individual DBH Individual DBH Individual DBH Individual DBH Tree locations Unknown Drawn on maps Unknown Street address and GPS points Street address and GPS points Street address and GPS points Street address and GPS points Bray-Curtis Index 
where nik are the number of individuals of taxon k at site i, and njk the number at site j similarity/dissimilarity of communities Simpson Diversity Index (SDI) where ni is number of individuals of taxon i more sensitive to species and genera evenness Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H) where ni is number of individuals of taxon i more sensitive to species and genera richness and to sample size Evenness eH/S where S is number of taxa quantifies the similarity of species and genera frequencies Inverse SDI 1/SDI where SDI is the Simpson Diversity Index statistic measures diversity rather than dominance Effective Diversity eH where H is the Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index statistic not logarithmic, unlike the Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H), and therefore more directly comparable Street tree species 1902 1928–1947 1987 Sugar maple 37.45% NA NA Norway maple 34.62% American elm 28.91% NA NA Sugar maple 19.91% White willow 10.71% NA NA Honeylocust 9.20% Horsechestnut 8.01% NA NA Silver maple 6.26% Red maple 3.68% NA NA Red maple 5.47% Street tree genera 1902 1928–1947 1987 Maple 44.81% Maple 50.86% Maple 67.40% Elm 29.35% Elm 30.88% Honeylocust 9.20% Willow 10.82% Horsechestnut 5.85% Oak 2.77% Horsechestnut 8.01% Catalpa 2.56% Apple 2.68% Ash 1.85% Ash 1.46% Planetree 2.62% Street tree species 1996 2006 2013 2019 Norway maple 22.54% Norway maple 19.95% Norway maple 14.39% Norway maple 12.44% Sugar maple 9.25% Sugar maple 9.02% Honeylocust 7.09% Honeylocust 7.31% Honeylocust 6.59% Honeylocust 5.86% Crabapple 5.80% Crabapple 6.76% Crabapple 5.38% Crabapple 5.35% Sugar maple 5.65% Sugar maple 4.80% London planetree 3.68% London planetree 3.70% London planetree 3.79% London planetree 3.92% Street tree genera 1996 2006 2013 2019 Maple 44.76% Maple 41.65% Maple 31.24% Maple 27.70% Honeylocust 6.59% Oak 5.98% Oak 9.27% Oak 9.84% Apple 5.39% Honeylocust 5.86% Honeylocust 7.09% Honeylocust 7.31% Oak 5.18% Apple 5.44% Apple 5.90% Apple 6.98% Planetree 3.93% Planetree 3.89% Planetree 3.96% Planetree 4.10% Park tree species 1996 2006 2013 2019 Crabapple 12.21% Crabapple 12.02% Crabapple 6.39% Crabapple 8.22% Eastern white pine 6.73% Eastern white pine 6.76% Eastern hemlock 6.39% Eastern hemlock 5.89% Green ash 5.24% Green ash 5.03% Eastern white pine 5.82% Eastern white pine 4.81% Eastern hemlock 5.24% Eastern hemlock 5.03% Green ash 4.96% Green ash 4.33% Norway spruce 4.36% Norway spruce 4.18% Norway spruce 4.59% Norway spruce 4.15% Park tree genera 1996 2006 2013 2019 Maple 14.17% Maple 13.90% Maple 14.14% Maple 14.18% Apple 13.69% Apple 13.44% Oak 7.95% Apple 8.96% Pine 9.41% Pine 9.33% Pine 7.91% Oak 7.59% Willow 7.85% Willow 7.98% Spruce 7.70% Spruce 6.70% Spruce 7.09% Spruce 6.87% Apple 7.05% Pine 6.00% - Table 4.
Cumulative frequency of the 5 most prevalent tree species and genera from 1902 to 2019.
Street trees 1902 1928–1947 1987 1996 2006 2013 2019 Sum top 5 species 88.76% NA 75.47% 47.44% 43.89% 36.72% 35.22% Δ from prior inventory NA NA −14.97% −37.14% −7.48% −16.35% −4.08% Sum top 5 genera 94.84% 91.61% 84.67% 65.85% 62.83% 57.46% 55.93% Δ from prior inventory NA −3.41% −7.57% −22.23% −4.58% −8.55% −2.65% Park trees 1902 1928–1947 1987 1996 2006 2013 2019 Sum top 5 species NA NA NA 33.79% 33.01% 28.16% 27.40% Δ from prior inventory NA NA NA NA −2.29% −14.71% −2.69% Sum top 5 genera NA NA NA 52.20% 51.52% 44.75% 43.43% Δ from prior inventory NA NA NA NA −1.31% −13.13% −2.96% Street tree species 1902 1928–1947 1987 1996 2006 2013 2019 Number of species 48 NA 80 137 152 180 185 Number of trees 5621 NA 5303 7361 8423 8255 8194 Simpson_SDI 0.24 NA 0.18 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.04 Shannon-Wiener_H 1.83 NA 2.39 3.51 3.69 3.99 4.04 Evenness 0.13 NA 0.14 0.24 0.26 0.30 0.31 Inverse SDI 4.09 NA 5.61 13.36 16.05 24.33 27.15 eH 6.26 NA 10.94 33.31 39.92 53.89 56.88 Street tree genera 1902 1928–1947 1987 1996 2006 2013 2019 Number of genera 29 27 45 60 59 64 65 Number of trees 5621 5195 5303 7361 8423 8255 8194 Simpson_SDI 0.31 0.36 0.47 0.22 0.19 0.12 0.11 Shannon-Wiener_H 1.51 1.46 1.50 2.51 2.63 2.90 2.97 Evenness 0.16 0.16 0.10 0.20 0.23 0.28 0.30 Inverse SDI 3.27 2.79 2.14 4.61 5.24 8.07 9.40 eH 4.54 4.29 4.50 12.26 13.86 18.08 19.57 Park tree species 1902 1928–1947 1987 1996 2006 2013 2019 Number of species NA NA NA 114 119 140 142 Number of trees NA NA NA 2498 2605 2440 2701 Simpson_SDI NA NA NA 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 Shannon-Wiener_H NA NA NA 3.79 3.84 4.08 4.08 Evenness NA NA NA 0.39 0.39 0.42 0.42 Inverse SDI NA NA NA 26.12 27.13 37.16 37.08 eH NA NA NA 44.17 46.43 58.85 59.26 Park tree genera 1902 1928–1947 1987 1996 2006 2013 2019 Number of genera NA NA NA 56 56 56 59 Number of trees NA NA NA 2498 2605 2440 2701 Simpson_SDI NA NA NA 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 Shannon-Wiener_H NA NA NA 3.02 3.05 3.19 3.24 Evenness NA NA NA 0.37 0.38 0.43 0.43 Inverse SDI NA NA NA 13.78 14.12 16.64 17.38 eH NA NA NA 20.53 21.03 24.17 25.64 Street tree species 1902 1928–1947 1987 1996 2006 2013 2019 Shannon-Wiener_H 1.8343 NA 2.3924 3.5057 3.6873 3.9872 4.0414 Variance 0.000301 NA 0.000457 0.000338 0.000286 0.000251 0.000240 t: NA NA −20.267 −39.482 −7.2704 −12.941 −2.447 df: NA NA 10355 11513 15428 16631 16443 p(same): NA NA 1.35E-89 7.533E-320 3.76E-13 4.03E-38 0.014416 Street tree genera 1902 1928–1947 1987 1996 2006 2013 2019 Shannon-Wiener_H 1.5134 1.4734 1.5027 2.5062 2.6289 2.8952 2.9735 Variance 0.000235 0.000371 0.000576 0.000399 0.000330 0.000260 0.000236 t: NA 1.623 −0.95038 −32.135 −4.5399 −10.964 −3.5174 df: NA 10112 10072 11293 15381 16478 16419 p(same): NA 0.10462 0.34194 6.95E-217 5.67E-06 7.12E-28 0.000437 Park tree species 1902 1928–1947 1987 1996 2006 2013 2019 Shannon-Wiener_H NA NA NA 3.7884 3.838 4.0751 4.0816 Variance NA NA NA 0.000572 0.000553 0.000544 0.000483 t: NA NA NA NA −1.4777 −7.158 −0.2014 df: NA NA NA NA 5095.9 5042 5079.3 p(same): NA NA NA NA 0.13954 9.36E-13 0.84039 Park tree genera 1902 1928–1947 1987 1996 2006 2013 2019 Shannon-Wiener_H NA NA NA 3.0222 3.0457 3.1852 3.2442 Variance NA NA NA 0.000500 0.000474 0.000453 0.000406 t: NA NA NA NA −0.75214 −4.5846 −2.0117 df: NA NA NA NA 5091.1 5044.4 5084.1 p(same): NA NA NA NA 0.452 4.66E-06 0.044309 - Table 7.
Correlations for Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index, Inverse SDI (Inverse of Simpson’s Diversity Index), and Effective Diversity (eH), and number of species and genera, number of trees, and distribution evenness for street and park trees (Pearson’s r, p < 0.05).
Number of species/genera Number of trees Evenness Street tree species Shannon-Wiener_H 0.9937 0.9436 0.9814 Inverse SDI 0.9620 0.8813 0.9717 eH 0.9893 0.9351 0.9956 Street tree genera Shannon-Wiener_H 0.9348 0.9767 0.9091 Inverse SDI 0.7789 0.8467 0.9489 eH 0.9091 0.9489 0.9585 Park tree species Shannon-Wiener_H 0.9992 0.1608 0.9931 Inverse SDI 0.9952 0.1150 0.9975 eH 0.9990 0.1573 0.9939 Park tree genera Shannon-Wiener_H 0.7433 0.3330 0.9814 Inverse SDI 0.7046 0.2770 0.9906 eH 0.7568 0.3473 0.9773 - Table 8.
DBH size class distributions of Norway maple (Acer platanoides) and London planetree (Platanus × acerifolia) from 1987 to 2019.
Norway maple 1987 1996 2006 2013 201 0-15.2 cm 28.53% 6.57% 3.57% 0.84% 0.79% 15.2-30.5 cm 35.47% 39.00% 29.64% 14.73% 12.46% 30.5-45.7 cm 18.11% 33.76% 40.48% 44.78% 40.14% 45.7-61.0 cm 11.11% 14.10% 18.93% 28.45% 34.25% 61.0-76.2 cm 4.17% 5.06% 5.54% 8.84% 10.11% 76.2-91.4 cm 1.66% 1.15% 1.43% 1.68% 1.47% 91.4-106.7 cm 0.85% 0.36% 0.42% 0.51% 0.39% > 106.7 cm 0.11% 0.00% 0.00% 0.17% 0.39% London planetree 1987 1996 2006 2013 2019 0-15.2 cm 3.17% 53.87% 49.36% 15.34% 18.69% 15.2-30.5 cm 31.75% 2.95% 10.58% 35.78% 26.79% 30.5-45.7 cm 23.81% 12.18% 9.62% 14.38% 18.07% 45.7-61.0 cm 13.49% 11.81% 9.29% 7.99% 9.35% 61.0-76.2 cm 11.90% 7.38% 8.97% 8.31% 6.85% 76.2-91.4 cm 7.94% 4.80% 5.13% 8.95% 10.90% 91.4-106.7 cm 4.76% 5.17% 4.81% 4.47% 3.43% > 106.7 cm 3.17% 1.85% 2.24% 4.79% 5.92%
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