The Effects of Integrated Vegetation Management on Richness of Native Compatible Flowering Plants and Abundance of Noncompatible Tree Species on a Right-of-Way in Central Pennsylvania, USA

Carolyn G. Mahan; Bradley D. Ross; Richard T. Yahner

doi:10.48044/jauf.2020.029

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Table 1.

Liters of herbicide applied/hectare (ha) in 2012, native flowering plant species richness, and number of trees/ha (< 0.3 m in height) in wire zones of 14 treatment sections on State Game Lands 33 Rights-of-Way Research and Demonstration Area, Centre County, PA, USA in 2016. Dominant (> 50% of area) cover type (forb, grass, or shrub) for wire zone is also presented.

Liters of herbicide applied/ha (2012 treatment cycle)	Number of stems of trees/ha^{^a}	Native species richness of compatible flowering plant species^{^b}	Integrated vegetation management herbicide (H) versus mechanical (M) treatment	Herbicide application (selective [backpack spray] or nonselective [broadcast spray])	Cover type
0	1482	7	M (Mowing)	N/A	Shrub
0	2718	9	M (Mowing)	N/A	Forb
0	11,613	11	M (Hand cutting)	N/A	Shrub
0	3459	25	M (Hand cutting)	N/A	Shrub
0.75	494	8	H (Glyphosate, Imazapyr)^{^c}	Selective	Grass
0.75	741	8	H (Glyphosate, Imazapyr)	Selective	Forb
0.75	494	6	H (Glyphosate, Imazapyr)	Selective	Forb
6.27	247	7	H (Aminopyralid, Imazapyr, Triclopyr)^{^d}	Selective	Forb
29.93	1729	15	H (Aminopyralid, Imazapyr, Triclopyr)	Broadcast	Forb
31.99	741	10	H (Aminopyralid, Imazapyr, Triclopyr)	Broadcast	Shrub
168.37	0	19	H (Aminopyralid, Imazapyr)^{^e}	Broadcast	Forb
241.33	494	10	H (Aminopyralid, Imazapyr)	Selective	Shrub
436.82	200	5	H (Aminopyralid, Glyphosate, Imazapyr, Picloram, Triclopyr)^{^f}	Broadcast	Grass
436.82	100	7	H (Aminopyralid, Glyphosate, Imazapyr, Picloram, Triclopyr)	Broadcast	Forb

↵^aMechanical treatments versus herbicide treatments differed significantly (t = 3.10, df = 1, p = 0.009); mechanical treatments versus glyphosate herbicide treatments differed slightly (t = 2.18, df = 1, p = 0.06); mechanical treatments versus non-glyphosate herbicide treatments differed slightly (t = 2.03, df =1, p = 0.08); glyphosate versus non-glyphosate herbicide treatments did not differ (t = −0.74, df =1, p = 0.481).
↵^bMechanical treatments versus herbicide treatments did not differ (t = 1.06, df = 1, p = 0.31); mechanical treatments versus glyphosate herbicide treatments differed slightly (t = 1.81, df = 1, p = 0.09); mechanical treatments versus non-glyphosate treatments did not differ (t = 0.19, df = 1, p = 0.86); glyphosate versus non-glyphosate herbicide treatments differed significantly (t = −2.44, df = 1, p = 0.04).
↵^cAccord concentrate (glyphosate) 7% + Arsenal (imazapyr) 1%
↵^dGarlon 3A (triclopyr) 5 pints/100 gal (2 L/380 L) + Milestone (aminopyralid) 7 oz/100 gal (210 mL/380 L) + Arsenal (imazapyr) 1%
↵^eMilestone (aminopyralid) 5 oz/100 gal (150 mL/380 L) + Arsenal (imazapyr) 4 oz/100 gal (120 mL/380 L)
↵^fMilestone (aminopyralid) 7 oz/100 gal (210 mL/380 L) + Rodeo (glyphosate) 1% + Arsenal (imazapyr) 1% + Tordon K (picloram) 4% + Garlon 3A (triclopyr) 5 pints/100 gal (2 L/380 L)

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Table 2.

Compatible, native flowering plant species and noncompatible native tree species documented on 14 treatment sections of State Game Lands 33 Rights-of-Way Research and Demonstration Area, Centre County, PA, USA in 2016.

Species common name (Latin name)	Compatible flowering plants	Noncompatible trees
Arrowwood (Viburnum dentatum)	X
Bear oak (Quercus ilicifolia)	X
Black cherry (Prunus serotine)		X
Black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata)	X
Blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis)	X
Canada mayflower (Maianthemum canadense)	X
Chestnut oak (Quercus montana)		X
Choke cherry (Prunus virginiana)	X
Common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)	X
Dogbane (Apocynum cannabinum)	X
Goldenrod (Solidago sp.)	X
Hawthorn (Crataegus sp.)		X
Hillside blueberry (Vaccinium pallidum)	X
Indian cucumber (Medeola virginiana)	X
Lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium)	X
Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum)	X
Moccasin flower (Cypripedium acaule)	X
Mountain azalea (Rhododendron canescens)	X
Mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia)	X
Mountain mint (Pycnanthemum virginianum)	X
Painted trillium (Trillium undulatum)	X
Pennsylvania smartweed (Polygonum pensylvanicum)	X
Red maple (Acer rubrum)		X
Red oak (Quercus rubra)		X
Sedge (Carex sp.)	X
Spicebush (Lindera benzoin)	X
Spiraea (Spiraea tomentosa)	X
Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica)	X
Teaberry (Gaultheria procumbens)	X
Tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera)		X
Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia)	X
White oak (Quercus alba)		X
Wild sarsaparilla (Aralia nudicaulis)	X
Witch hazel (Hamamelis virginian)	X
Wood lily (Lilium philadelphicum)	X
Yellow whorled loosestrife (Lysimachia quadrifolia)	X