Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Mean trunk diameter after 20 months for all species grown in compacted and uncompacted soils. Letters denote significant difference (P < 0.05), and the number at the top each column is the value of the mean.
- Figure 2.
Mean tree height after 20 months for all species grown in compacted and uncompacted soils. Letters denote significant difference (P < 0.05), and the number at the top each column is the value of the mean.
- Figure 3.
Mean full canopy width after 20 months for all species grown in compacted and uncompacted soils. Letters denote significant difference (P < 0.05), and the number at the top each column is the value of the mean.
- Figure 4.
Mean trunk diameter, height, and canopy width for each species.
- Figure 5.
Tree condition rating category means for each species using the criteria from Table 1.
Tables
- Table 1.
Tree condition assessment of roots, trunk, branches, and foliage and their component categories.
Tree part Rating categories Score range Tree part Rating categories Score range Roots Anchorage 1-5 Branches Attachment 1-5 Exposed roots 1-5 Epicormic shoots 1-5 Girdling roots 1-5 Deadwood/dieback 1-5 Pest or disease 1-5 Low branching 1-5 Root score range 4-20 Pest or disease 1-5 Trunk Physical damage/injury 1-5 Crossing/rubbing branches 1-5 Multiple stems 1-5 Broken branches 1-5 Trunk taper Annual shoot tip growth 1-5 Lignotuberous/epicormic shoots 1-5 Even branch distribution in canopy 1-5 Pest or disease 1-5 Branch score range 9-45 Trunk score range 5-25 Foliage Leaf size and colour 1-5 Pest or disease 1-5 Foliage score range 2-10 Rating descriptor Major problems Significant problems Some/few problems Minor problems No problems Rating value 1 2 3 4 5 Minimum total rating score 18 Maximum total rating score 100 - Table 2.
Initial and final bulk density means for compacted and uncompacted soils. When comparing the same level of compaction, LSD = 0.08. Bulk density means in the same row or column with a different letter are significantly different (P < 0.05).
Bulk density Bulk density compacted Mg/m−3 Bulk density uncompacted Mg/m−3 LSD P-value Penetrative resistance compacted MPa Penetrative resistance uncompacted MPa Initial 1.88a 1.50b 0.13 < 0.001 > 2.60 < 1.00 Final 1.60c 1.50b 0.08 0.011 2.95 2.09 Treatment mean 1.70ac 1.50b 0.09 < 0.001 - Table 3.
Mean final bulk density at different soil depths for compacted and uncompacted soils. Means in the same row or column with a different letter are significantly different (P < 0.05).
Depth Uncompacted Mg/m−3 Compacted Mg/m−3 Top (0-10 cm) 1.50a 1.60bc Middle (10-20 cm) 1.54b 1.58 Bottom (20-30 cm) 1.55c 1.57 - Table 4.
Overall root length for compass and treatment means. Means in the same row with a different letter are significantly different (P < 0.05). Compacted Direction LSD = 220.9. Direction LSD = 121.4.
North South East West Compacted mean (mm) 1224 1078 1040 1056 Uncompacted mean (mm) 1209 1185 1027 1186 Compass mean (mm) 1216a 1131 1033b 1121 - Table 5.
Overall root length (mm) means for all species grown in compacted and uncompacted soils. Means in the same row of the species and separately for the compacted/uncompacted columns with a different letter are significantly different (P < 0.05). Species LSD = 305, Treatment LSD = 171, and Species Treatment LSD = 433
Species Species Uncompacted Compacted A. littoralis 441e 543p 339q C. maculata 833cd 682p 984r C. sempervirens 1454b 1434s 1474s E. polyanthemos 2166a 2121t 2211t L. confertus 1072c 1101r 1042r O. europaea 1344b 1521s 1166r Q. palustris 768d 807pu 728up W.floribunda 927cd 1002r 851ur Species and treatment mean 1125 1152 1099 - Table 6.
Species with significantly different mean root length (mm) for each treatment and compass bearing. Means in the same row with a different letter are significantly different (P < 0.05).
Species North uncompacted North compacted South uncompacted South compacted C. sempervirens 1094a 1769b 1909 1410 O. europaea 1616 1174 1670a 992b - Table 7.
Summary of canopy and root mass (kg) mean comparisons and canopy:root ratios for all species growing in compacted and uncompacted soils. For each species, means in the same column with a different letter are significantly different (P < 0.05). For L. confertus and Olea europaea, to simplify interpretation, paired letters (ab), (bc), (de), and (fg) are significantly different from each other (P < 0.05). The row mean allows total canopy and root mass regardless of soil treatment for species comparison, while the column mean is the total canopy and root mass for compacted versus uncompacted soils.
Compacted Uncompacted Mean Compacted Uncompacted Mean A. littoralis C. maculata Canopy 0.40 0.59 0.49a 4.28a 2.31a 3.29a Root 0.08 0.17 0.13b 0.94b 0.48b 0.71b Mean 0.24 0.38 2.61 1.39 Canopy:shoot ratio 3.83 4.23 4.87 5.35 C. sempervirens E. polyanthemos Canopy 0.97a 1.15a 1.06a 11.09a 10.64a 10.87a Root 0.24b 0.28b 0.26b 2.19b 2.87b 2.53b Mean 0.60 0.71 6.64 6.76 Canopy:shoot ratio 3.99 4.11 6.50 4.15 L. confertus O. europaea Canopy 1.00a 2.78b 1.89d 0.94a 3.00b 1.97d Root 0.31b 0.65c 0.48e 0.57 1.39c 0.98e Mean 0.65f 1.72g 0.75f 2.19g Canopy:shoot ratio 4.35 3.79 1.52 1.99 Q. palustris W. floribunda Canopy 0.16a 0.19a 0.17a 0.43 0.83a 0.63a Root 0.29b 0.38b 0.33b 0.24 0.32b 0.28b Mean 0.23 0.28 0.33 0.58 Canopy:shoot ratio 0.52 0.45 2.01 2.31 - Table 8.
Species combinations which were significantly different in trunk diameter and height.
Species Difference between trunk diameter means (mm) LSD for trunk diameter for species combinations Species with larger trunk diameter Difference between tree height means (mm) LSD for tree height for species combinations Taller species C. maculata – E. polyanthemos 15.24 9.63 E. polyanthemos 0.49 0.43 E. polyanthemos C. maculata – L. confertus 10.78 9.98 C. maculata 0.67 0.44 C. maculata C. maculata – O. europaea 11.19 9.32 O. europaea N/A N/A N/A C. maculata – Q. palustris 12.69 10.32 C. maculata N/A N/A N/A E. polyanthemos – L. confertus 26.02 10.27 E. polyanthemos 1.16 0.45 E. polyanthemos E. polyanthemos – Q. palustris 27.93 10.60 E. polyanthemos 0.64 0.47 E. polyanthemos L. confertus – O. europaea 21.97 9.98 O. europaea N/A N/A N/A O. europaea – Q. palustris 23.88 10.32 O. europaea N/A N/A N/A E. polyanthemos – O. europaea N/A N/A N/A 0.80 0.43 E. polyanthemos L. confertus – Q. palustris N/A N/A N/A 0.59 0.48 Q. palustris Species Difference between means (m) LSD for species combination Species with a wider canopy C. maculata – E. polyanthemos 0.34 0.29 E. polyanthemos E. polyanthemos – L. confertus 0.57 0.29 E. polyanthemos L. confertus – O. europaea 0.47 0.29 O. europaea L. confertus – Q. palustris 0.33 0.31 Q. palustris - Table 10.
Street range and means for bulk density (Mg/m−3) and penetrative resistance (MPa).
Species Bulk density range (Mg/m−3) Mean bulk density (Mg/m−3) Penetrative resistance range (MPa) Mean penetrative resistance (MPa) C. maculata 141–1.58 1.46 4.25–4.93 4.68 E. polyanthemos 1.45–1.64 1.49 2.70–4.91 3.89 L. confertus 1.28–1.55 1.45 1.34–3.66 1.92 O. europaea 1.26–1.50 1.42 1.05–1.85 1.53 Measurement Street Address within street Direction within address Bulk density 10.8% 30.1% 59.1% Penetrative resistance 21.9% 32.8% 45.3%
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