Hunting for a Larger Diversity of Urban Trees in Western Europe—A Case Study from the Southern Caucasus

LITERATURE CITED

1. ↵
   1. Allen, C.D.,
   2. A.K. Macalady,
   3. H. Chenchouni,
   4. D. Bachelet,
   5. N. McDowell,
   6. M. Vennetier,
   7. T. Kitzberger,
   8. A. Rigling,
   9. D.D. Breshears,
   10. E.H. Hogg,
   11. P. Gonzalez,
   12. R. Fensham,
   13. Z. Zhang,
   14. J. Castro,
   15. N. Demidova,
   16. J.H. Lim,
   17. G. Allard,
   18. S.W. Running,
   19. A. Semerci, and
   20. N. Cobb

   . 2010. A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests. Forest Ecology and Management 259:660–684.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
2. ↵
   1. Allen, R.G.,
   2. M.E. Jensen,
   3. J. Wright, and
   4. R.D. Burman

   . 1989. Operational estimates of reference evapotranspiration. Agronomy Journal 81:650–662.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
3. 1. Allen, R.G.,
   2. L.S. Pereira,
   3. D. Raes, and
   4. M. Smith

   . 1998. Crop evapotranspiration—guidelines for computing crop water requirements. Irrigation and Drainage Paper no. 56, FAO, Rome, Italy.
4. ↵
   1. Alvey, A.A.

   2006. Promoting and preserving biodiversity in the urban forest. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 5:195–201.

   OpenUrl
5. ↵
   1. Bartlett, M.K.,
   2. C. Scoffoni, and
   3. L. Sack

   . 2012. The determinants of leaf turgor loss point and prediction of drought tolerance of species and biomes: a global meta-analysis. Ecol. Lett. 15:393–405.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
6. ↵
   1. Bauerle, W.L.,
   2. T.H. Whitlow,
   3. T.L. Setter,
   4. T.L. Bauerle, and
   5. F.M. Vermeylen

   . 2003. Ecophysiology of Acer rubrum seedlings from contrasting hydrologic habitats: growth, gas exchange, tissue water relations, abscisic acid and carbon isotope discrimination. Tree Physiology 23(12):841–850.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
7. ↵
   1. Breckle, S.W.

   2002. Walter’s Vegetation of the World. 4th edition. Springer.
8. ↵
   1. Cochard, H.,
   2. E. Badel,
   3. S. Herbette,
   4. S. Delzon,
   5. B. Choat, and
   6. S. Jansen

   . 2013. Methods for measuring plant vulnerability to cavitation: a critical review. Journal of Experimental Botany 64:4779–4791.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
9. ↵
   1. Cowett, F.D., and
   2. N.L. Bassuk

   . 2014. State wide assessment of street trees in New York State, USA. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 13:213–220.

   OpenUrl
10. ↵
    1. Craul, P.J.

    1999. Urban Soil—Applications and Practices. John Wiley & Sons, Canada.
11. ↵
    1. Deak Sjöman,
    2. J., and
    3. S.E. Gill

    . 2014. Residential runoff—the role of spatial density and surface cover, with case study in the Höjeå river catchment, southern Sweden. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 13:304–314.

    OpenUrl
12. ↵
    1. Dirr, M.A.

    2009. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants, 5th edition. Stipes Publishing L.L.C, Champaign, IL.
13. 1. DMI

    . 2017. Danish Meteorological Institute. Accessed December 19, 2017. <http://www.dmi.dk/en/vejr/>
14. ↵
    1. Gill, S.E.

    2006. Climate change and urban greenspace. Doctoral Thesis submitted to the University of Manchester, School of Environment and Development, UK.
15. ↵
    1. Gill, S.E.,
    2. J.F. Handley,
    3. A.R. Ennos, and
    4. S. Pauleit

    . 2007. Adapting Cities for Climate Change: The Role of the Green Infrastructure. Built Environment 33(1):115–133.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
16. ↵
    1. Gómez-Muñoz,
    2. V.M.,
    3. M.A. Porta-Gándara, and
    4. J.L. Fernández

    . 2010. Effect of tree shades in urban planning in hot-arid climatic regions. Landscape and Urban Planning 94(3-4):149–157.

    OpenUrl
17. ↵
    1. Greenwood, S.,
    2. P. Ruiz-Benito,
    3. J. Martínez-Vilalta,
    4. F. Lloret,
    5. T. Kitzberger,
    6. C.D. Allen,
    7. R. Fensham,
    8. D.C. Laughlin,
    9. J. Kattge,
    10. G. Bönisch,
    11. N.J.K. Kraft, and
    12. A.S. Jump

    . 2017. Tree mortality across biomes is promoted by drought intensity, lower wood density and higher specific leaf area. Ecology Letters 20:539–553.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
18. ↵
    1. Hooper, D.U.,
    2. F.S. Chapin III.,
    3. J.J. Ewel,
    4. A. Hector,
    5. P. Inchausti,
    6. S. Lavorel,
    7. J.H. Lawton,
    8. D.M. Lodge,
    9. M. Loreau,
    10. S. Naeem,
    11. B. Schmid,
    12. H. Setälä,
    13. A.J. Symstad,
    14. J. Vandermeer, and
    15. D.A. Wardle

    . 2005. Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: A consensus of current knowledge. Ecological Monographs 75:3–35.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
19. ↵
    1. IPCC

    2014. Intergovermental Panel of Climate Change 5^th Assessment Report—Climate Change 2014: Impact, Adaptation, and Vulnerability.
20. ↵
    1. Kendal, D.,
    2. C. Dobbs, and
    3. V.I. Lohr

    . 2014. Global patterns of diversity in the urban forest: Is there evidence to support the 10/20/30 rule? Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 13:411–417.

    OpenUrl
21. ↵
    1. Kilpatrick, J.

    2014. Fathers of Botany—the Discovery of Chinese Plants by European Missionaries. Kew Publishing Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK.
22. ↵
    1. Lancaster, R.

    2008. Plantsman´s Paradise—Travels in China. 2^nd Edition. Garden Art Press, Suffolk, UK.
23. ↵
    1. Meeus, J.

    1991. Astronomical Algorithms. Willmann-Bell, Richmond.
24. ↵
    1. Mijnsbrugge, K.V.,
    2. A. Bischoff, and
    3. B. Smith

    . 2010. A Question of Origin: Where and How to Collect Seed for Ecological Restoration. Basic and Applied Ecology 11:300–311.

    OpenUrl
25. ↵
    1. Fogg, G.

    1. Monteith, J.L.

    1965. Evapotranspiration and environment. In. Fogg, G. (Ed.), The state and movement of water in living organisms. Proceeding of the 19^th symposium on the Society of Experimental Biology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 205-234.
26. ↵
    1. Morgenroth, J.,
    2. J. Östberg,
    3. C. Konijnendijk van den Bosch,
    4. A.B. Nielsen,
    5. R. Hauer,
    6. H. Sjöman,
    7. W. Chen, and
    8. M. Jansson

    . 2016. Urban tree diversity—Taking stock and looking ahead. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 15:1–5.

    OpenUrl
27. ↵
    1. Musgrave, T.,
    2. C. Gardner, and
    3. W. Musgrave

    . 1998. The plant hunters—two hundred years of adventure and discovery around the world. Ward Lock, England.
28. ↵
    1. Nakhutsrishvili, G.

    2013. The vegetation of Georgia (South Caucasus). Springer.
29. 1. National Environmental Agency of the Ministry of Environment Protection and Natural Resources in Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia

    . 2017. Accessed December 19, 2017. <http://www.nea.gov.ge>
30. ↵
    1. Oliver, C.D., and
    2. B.C. Larson

    . 1996. Forest Stand Dynamics. John Wiley & Sons.
31. ↵
    1. P90

    . 2004. Publication P90—Classifying day-, drain-, and waste water. Svenskt Vatten AB. Ljungföretagen. (In Swedish).
32. ↵
    1. Kabisch, N.,
    2. Korn, H.,
    3. Stadler, J.,
    4. Bonn, A.

    1. Pauleit, S.,
    2. T. Zölch,
    3. R. Hansen,
    4. T.B. Randrup, and
    5. C. Konijnendijk van der Bosch

    . 2017. Nature based solutions and climate change—four shades of green. In. Kabisch, N., Korn, H., Stadler, J., Bonn, A. (Eds.) Nature Based solutions to climate change adaptation in urban areas. Springer. pp 29–49.
33. ↵
    1. Pereira, A.R., and
    2. W.O. Pruitt

    . 2004. Adaptation of the Thornthwaite scheme for estimating daily reference evapotranspiration. Agricultural Water management 66:251–257.

    OpenUrl
34. ↵
    1. Raupp, M.J.,
    2. A. Buckelew-Cumming, and
    3. E.C. Raupp

    . 2006. Street tree diversity in eastern North America and its potential for tree loss to exotic borers. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 32(6):297–304.

    OpenUrl
35. ↵
    1. Roloff, A.,
    2. S. Korn, and
    3. S. Gillner

    . 2009. The climate-species-matrix to select tree species for urban habitats considering climate change. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 8:295–308.

    OpenUrl
36. ↵
    1. C.C. Konijnendijk,
    2. K. Nilsson,
    3. T.B. Randrup, and
    4. J. Schipperijn

    1. Sieghardt, M.,
    2. E. Mursch-Radlgruber,
    3. E. Paoletti,
    4. E. Couenberg,
    5. A. Dimitrakopoulus,
    6. F. Rego,
    7. A. Hatzistatthis, and
    8. T.B. Randrup

    . 2005. The abiotic urban environment: Impact of urban growing conditions on urban vegetation. In: C.C. Konijnendijk, K. Nilsson, T.B. Randrup, and J. Schipperijn (Eds.). Urban Forests and Trees. Springer. 281–323 pp.
37. ↵
    1. Sjöman,
    2. H., and
    3. G. Richnau

    . 2009. North-east Romania as a future source of trees for urban paved environments in northwest Europe. Journal of Plant Development 16:37–46.

    OpenUrl
38. ↵
    1. Sjöman,
    2. H.,
    3. A.B. Nielsen,
    4. S. Pauleit, and
    5. M. Olsson

    . 2010. Habitat studies identifying potential trees for urban paved environments: a case study from Qinling Mt., China. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 36(6):261–271.

    OpenUrl
39. ↵
    1. Sjöman,
    2. H.,
    3. A. Gunnarsson,
    4. S. Pauleit, and
    5. R. Bothmer

    . 2012a. Selection of urban trees for inner-city environments—learning from nature. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 38(5):194–204.

    OpenUrl
40. ↵
    1. Sjöman,
    2. H.,
    3. J. Östberg, and
    4. O. Bühler

    . 2012b. Diversity and distribution of the urban tree population in ten major Nordic cities. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 11:31–39.

    OpenUrl
41. ↵
    1. Sjöman,
    2. H.,
    3. A.B. Nielsen, and
    4. A. Oprea

    . 2012c. Trees for urban environment in northern parts of Central Europe—a dendroecological study in north-east Romania and Republic of Moldavia. Urban Ecosystems 15(1):267–281.

    OpenUrl
42. ↵
    1. Sjöman,
    2. H.,
    3. A. Hirons, and
    4. N.L. Bassuk

    . 2015. Urban forest resilience through tree selection—Variation in drought tolerance in Acer. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 14:858–865.

    OpenUrl
43. ↵
    1. Sjöman,
    2. H.,
    3. J. Morgenroth,
    4. J.D. Sjöman,
    5. A. Sæbø., and
    6. I. Kowarik

    . 2016. Diversification of the urban forest—can we afford to exclude exotic tree species? Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 18:237–241.

    OpenUrl
44. 1. SMHI

    . 2017. Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute. Accessed December 19, 2017. <https://www.smhi.se/en>
45. ↵
    1. SOU (Statens Offentliga Utredningar)

    2007. Climate change scenario in Sweden—threats and opportunities (Sverige inför klimatförändringarna—hot och möjligheter). In Swedish. 2007:60, Swedish Government Official Report.
46. ↵
    1. Sydnor, T.D.,
    2. S. Subburayalu, and
    3. M. Bumgardner

    . 2010. Contrasting Ohio nursery stock availability with community planting needs. Arboriculture and Urban Forestry 36(1):47–54.

    OpenUrl
47. ↵
    1. C.C. Konijnendijk,
    2. K. Nilsson,
    3. T.B. Randrup, and
    4. J. Schipperijn

    1. Tello, M.L.,
    2. M. Tomalak,
    3. R. Siwecki,
    4. J. Gaper,
    5. E. Motta, and
    6. E. Mateo-Sagasta

    . 2005. Biotic urban growing condition—threats, pests and diseases. In: C.C. Konijnendijk, K. Nilsson, T.B. Randrup, and J. Schipperijn (Eds.). Urban Forests and Trees. Springer. 325–365 pp.
48. ↵
    1. Thornthwaite, C.W.

    1948. An approach toward rational classification on climate. Geographical Review 38(1):55–94.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
49. ↵
    1. Trowbridge, P.J., and
    2. N. Bassuk

    . 2004. Trees in the Urban Landscape—Site Assessment, Design and Installation. John Wiley & Sons Inc., Hoboken, NJ.
50. ↵
    1. Y. Yigini,
    2. P. Paganos, and
    3. L. Montanarella

    1. Urushadze, T.F., and
    2. G.O. Ghambashidze

    . 2013. Soils of Georgia. In. Y. Yigini, P. Paganos, and L. Montanarella (Eds.). Soil Resources of Mediterranean and Caucasus Countries. European Commission JRC Technical Report.
51. ↵
    1. Urushadze, T.F.,
    2. W. Blum, and
    3. T. Kvrivishvili

    . 2016. Classification of soils on sediments, sedimentary and andesitic rocks in Georgia by the WRB system. Annals of Agrarian Science 14:351–355.

    OpenUrl
52. ↵
    1. van der Schrier, G.,
    2. P.D. Jones, and
    3. K.R. Briffa

    . 2011. The sensitivity of the PDSI to the Thornthwaite and Penman-Monteith parameterizations for potential evapotranspiration. Journal of Geophysical Research 116.
53. ↵
    1. Willmott, C.J.,
    2. C.M. Rowe, and
    3. Y. Mintz

    . 1985. Climatology of the terrestrial seasonal water cycle. Journal of Climatology 5:589–606.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
54. ↵
    1. Yang, J.,
    2. J. Zhou,
    3. Y. Ke, and
    4. J. Xiao

    . 2012. Assessing the structure and stability of street trees in Lhasa, China. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 11:432–438.

    OpenUrl