Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
A map of the International Phenological Gardens (IPGs) in Europe in the year 2015. Map courtesy of Humbold University of Berlin.
- Figure 2.
The simulated bud burst dates for Central and Northern Europe. The subplots show the average (A), first (B), and last (C) bud burst dates for the period of 1980 to 2015. The grid cells for the calculation are 1.125 degrees squared, and the temperature data is derived from the ERA-model.
- Figure 3.
The model SSE values (Z-axis) as the function of model parameters. X-axis shows the starting date (DOY) and Y-axis the temperature sum threshold. For each pair of the latter two, the critical temperature threshold giving the smallest SSE value was picked, and this temperature threshold is shown on the a contour map on the floor of the graph.
Tables
- Table 1.
Sites, locations, and years of the phenological data collected at the International Phenological Gardens (IPGs).
IPG Country Station Latitude Longitude Elevation Number of observations 1 N Trondhjem-Stjordal-KVITHAMAR 63.30 10.53 70 24 5 SE Stockholm-BOGESUND 59.37 18.50 50 10 13 IRL Kerry-Valentia Observatory 51.93 −10.25 14 41 14 IRL CO-Wexford-J.F. KENNEDY ARB. 52.33 −6.63 80 33 15 IRL Wexford-Johnstown Castle 52.30 −6.52 60 34 16 IRL Dublin-National Botanic Gardens 53.38 −6.33 30 23 17 GB London-Farnham-HEADLY PARK 51.08 −0.88 84 7 18 BE GENT-MELLE 50.98 3.80 15 13 19 BE Bastogne-MICHAMPS 50.00 5.73 500 15 20 D MÜNSTER 51.97 7.63 60 13 21 D Hamburg-SCHMALENBECK 53.67 10.27 50 13 22 D Hamburg-WULFSDORF 53.65 10.20 46 39 23 D Hannov.-MÜNDEN-STEINBERG 51.33 9.67 500 10 24 D Offenbach 50.10 8.78 99 39 25 D Wiesbaden-GEISENHEIM 49.98 7.97 118 21 26 D TRIER 49.75 6.67 265 31 27 D Stuttgart-Hohenheim 48.72 9.22 380 46 28 D Stuttgart-WEILIMDORF 48.82 9.12 330 11 29 D Kaiserstuhl-BLANKENHORNSBERG 48.05 7.60 285 36 30 D Kaiserstuhl-LILIENTAL 48.07 7.68 265 37 31 D FREIBURG-STADT 48.00 7.80 270 40 32 D Freiburg-ESCHBACH 48.02 7.98 500 36 33 D Freiburg-SCHAUINSLAND 47.92 7.90 1210 20 35 D DONAUESCHINGEN 47.95 8.52 680 35 36 D München-Grafrath 48.18 11.17 540 45 37 D Freising-WEIHENSTEPHAN 48.40 11.73 460 22 38 D Freyung-Schönbrunn 48.85 13.52 737 26 39 D Freyung-KLINGENBRUNN 48.92 13.32 756 30 40 D Freyung-Waldhäuser 48.93 13.33 956 35 42 D Tharandt-Hartha 50.98 13.54 360 46 45 PT PORTO 41.25 8.50 30 0 46 CH Zürich-Birmensdorf 47.36 8.44 600 42 48 AT Innsbruck-RINN 47.25 11.50 900 20 50 AT Wien-OBERSIEBENBRUNN 48.25 16.72 150 23 52 SK LVU-Banska Stiavnica-Kysihybel 48.45 18.93 540 22 53 HU Budapest-GÖDÖLLÖ 47.60 19.35 220 16 54 HU Debreczin-PÜSPÖKLADANY 47.33 21.13 90 7 55 SLO Ljubljana 46.07 14.50 310 45 56 HR Zagreb-Krizevci 45.80 15.97 146 36 57 RS SOMBOR 45.78 19.12 90 18 58 BA Sarajevo-IVAN SEDLO 43.86 18.43 1000 17 60 RS BAR 42.08 19.08 5 18 61 RS Beograd-SMEDEREVSKA-PALANKA 44.37 20.95 121 18 62 MAK Skopje 42.00 21.43 240 39 69 D WAGENINGEN 51.98 5.67 25 5 72 GB London-Farnham-Alice Holt 51.20 −0.78 80 9 77 D Hamburg-QUICKBORN 53.73 9.88 13 16 78 D Berchtesgaden-Kühroint 47.57 12.95 1430 8 79 D Berchtesgaden-Schapach 47.58 12.97 950 10 80 D Berlin-Thyrow 52.20 13.20 42 17 81 D Schleswig 54.53 9.55 36 4 83 D DEUSELBACH 49.77 7.05 480 6 85 CZ Praha-Doksany 50.47 14.17 158 15 86 CZ Praha-Kostelec 50.00 14.87 345 14 87 CZ Brno-Krtiny 49.32 14.17 457 11 88 D Bayreuth 49.94 11.57 360 5 90 D Hellenthal/Eifel 50.48 6.43 470 3 94 P Evora 38.57 −7.90 309 0 112 IRL Glenveagh National Park Church Hill 55.03 −7.97 65 8 118 IRL Aarmagh Observatory 54.35 6.65 64 7 119 IRL Millstreet Country Park 52.12 −9.08 116 7 152 LT Botanical Garden Siauliai University 55.92 23.27 117 9 169 F Pierroton 44.73 −0.78 58 7 180 GB RBG Edinburgh-Dawyck 55.60 −3.32 180 6 182 GB Edinburgh-Inverleih 55.97 −3.21 50 7 190 D Graupa 51.00 13.92 180 11 191 D Heinzebank 50.68 13.12 610 10 192 D Kretscham-Rothensehma 50.45 12.98 850 9 193 D Doberschütz (NW-Sachsen) 51.53 12.70 99 10 194 D Eich (Vogtland) 50.55 12.33 444 5 195 D Leipzig 51.20 13.13 198 9 196 D Taura (N-Sachsen) 51.47 13.02 124 10 210 BA Sarajevo 43.86 18.43 630 3 211 BA Sarajevo-Ivan Sedlo 43.75 18.04 967 3 212 BA Mostar 43.33 17.80 99 3 221 D Roßla 51.45 11.07 155 6 224 D Kleve 51.87 6.07 9 4 225 D Greifswalder Oie 54.24 13.92 3 5 228 D Ohorn 51.17 14.05 305 5 231 D Braunschweig 52.25 10.45 81 4 Parameters of calculation matrix Model optimum Min Max Step Number All Odd years Even years Starting date DOY 80 120 1 41 97 82 98 Temperature sum threshold degree-day 100 300 5 41 175 295 210 Critical temperature threshold ° C −5 5 0.25 41 −2 −2.5 −3.5 Total parameter combinations 68921 SSE, all degree-day2 185,318 196,881 188,079 SSE, odd years degree-day2 86,523 80,785 96,698 SSE, even years degree-day2 98,795 116,096 91,381 Increase in SSE % 13.1 20.1
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