Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Location of the study site and distribution of C. jamasakura trees tested in the present study. The black border and dots represent the LiDAR data collection area and tested trees, respectively.
- Figure 2.
Calculation of the individual-level crown porosity based on a hemispherical photograph. The two hemicycles framed by the solid lines were integrated and the porosity was calculated.
- Figure 3.
DCA results for 4-rank assessment items.
- Figure 4.
Ranges of DCA axis 1 scores (n = 288, means of the values given by the two experts) and crown porosity determined from hemispherical photograph (n = 96).
- Figure 5.
The relationships between crown area of the trees and difference between estimated and measured (A) DCA axis 1 score and (B) crown porosity.
Tables
Indicators Abbreviation Rank 1 Rank 2 Rank 3 Rank 4 Tree vigor Tvg vigorous growth slight decline in vigor (not conspicuous) clear decline in vigor clearly poor growth state and no prospect of recovery Tree form Tfm maintenance of the natural tree form slight loss of the natural tree form (not conspicuous) conspicuous loss of the natural tree form complete loss of the natural tree form Branch growth Bgr normal (≥ 30 cm at the top) slightly less than rank 1 new branches are short and thin new branches are extremely short Crown dieback Cdb no dieback slight dieback (not conspicuous) conspicuous dieback or cuttings severe dieback or cutting Crown density Crd closed crown and high density of branches and leaves slightly less than rank 1 distinct porosity with sparse branches and leaves many dead branches, poor leaf development, and very sparse crown Leaf shape and size Lsh normal few deformed or small leaves deformed leaves or generally small leaves many deformed leaves or conspicuously small leaves Leaf color Lcl normal few pale leaves or diseased leaves abnormal (many pale leaves or diseased leaves) conspicuously abnormal leaves Bark condition Brk active thickening growth and active bark regeneration normal old bark, no bark regeneration, or damage very old bark, distinct damage, or decay Abbreviation Calculation Method Reference VALL NVegetation/NAll Maltamo et al. 2004; Sasaki et al. 2008; 2016b VFO NVegetation/(NFirst + NOnly) Sasaki et al. 2008 VFFO NVegetationFirst/(NFirst + NOnly) Sasaki et al. 2016b VLLO NVegetationLast/(NLast + NOnly) Sasaki et al. 2016b VOFO NVegetationOnly/(NFirst + NOnly) VFVOFO (NVegetationFirst + NVegetationOnly)/(NFirst + NOnly) Korhonen et al. 2011 VLVOLO (NVegetationLast + NVegetationOnly)/(NLast + NOnly) Korhonen et al. 2011 VOALL NVegetationOnly/NAll VOO NVegetationOnly/NOnly Sasaki et al. 2008 VOVFVO NVegetationOnly/(NVegetationFirst + NVegetationOnly) Sasaki et al. 2016b NAll Number of all the returns NFirst Number of the “first” returns NLast Number of the “last” returns NOnly Number of the “only” returns NVegetation Number of the vegetation returns NVegetationFirst Number of the “first” returns within the vegetation returns NVegetationLast Number of the “last” returns within the vegetation returns NVegetationOnly Number of the “only” returns within the vegetation returns - Table 3.
Correlations between the LiDAR indices and DCA axis 1 scores (n = 288) and crown porosity from hemispherical photographs (n = 96).
DCA axis 1 score Crown porosity VALL −0.390 ** −0.459 ** VFO 0.075 0.001 VFFO 0.510 ** 0.456 ** VLLO −0.048 −0.192 VOFO −0.578 ** −0.615 ** VFVOFO −0.262 ** −0.360 * VLVOLO −0.495 ** −0.579 ** VOAll −0.459 ** −0.581 ** VOO −0.574 ** −0.552 ** VOVFVO −0.600 ** −0.617 ** - Table 4.
The explanatory variables selected and the results of GLM (DCA axis 1 value: n = 288; crown porosity from hemispherical photographs: n = 96).
Response variables Order Regression coefficients AIC RMSE Pearson’s correlation coefficients between estimated and measured values Intercept VFO VLLO VOVFVO DCA axis 1 score 1 1.443 −3.804 696.66 0.803 r = 0.600 (p < 0.001) 2 1.916 −0.307 −3.904 696.68 3 −0.477 0.337 823.82 Crown porosity 1 −0.618 −2.128 48.53 0.060 r = 0.643 (p < 0.001) 2 −1.254 −0.775 50.08 3 −0.435 −0.743 −2.126 50.19
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