The Influence of Abiotic Factors on Street Tree Condition and Mortality in a Commercial-Retail Streetscape

LITERATURE CITED

1. ↵
   1. Bartens, J.,
   2. P.E. Wiseman, and
   3. E.T. Smiley

   . 2010. Stability of landscape trees in engineered and conventional urban soil mixes. Urban forestry & Urban Greening 9(4):333–338.

   OpenUrl
2. ↵
   1. Bassuk, N.L., and
   2. T.H. Whitlow

   . 1987. Environmental stress in street trees. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS). 195:49–48.

   OpenUrl
3. ↵
   1. Berland, A., and
   2. D.A. Lange

   . 2017. Google Street View shows promise for virtual street tree surveys. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 21:11–15.

   OpenUrl
4. ↵
   1. Brockbank, W., and
   2. D. Slater

   . 2016. Rootcells^® improve the establishment of Corylus colurna L. in a compacted car park substrate. Arboricultural Journal 38 (1):41–56.

   OpenUrl
5. ↵
   1. Byron, G.M., and
   2. A.V. Barker

   . 2002. Sodium accumulation in soils and plants along Massachusetts roadsides. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 33:1–2, 67–78.

   OpenUrl
6. ↵
   1. Cekstere, G., and
   2. A. Osvalde

   . 2013. A study of chemical characteristics of soil in relation to street trees status in Riga (Latvia). Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 12:68–78.

   OpenUrl
7. ↵
   1. Cekstere, G.,
   2. O. Nikodemus, and
   3. A. Osvalde

   . 2008. Toxic impact of the de-icing material to street greenery in Riga, Latvia. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 7:207–217.

   OpenUrl
8. ↵
   1. D.S. Lemmen,
   2. J. Lacroix, and
   3. E. Bush

   1. Chiotti, Q., and
   2. B. Lavende

   . 2008. Ontario. pp. 227–274. In: D.S. Lemmen, J. Lacroix, and E. Bush (Eds.). From impacts to adaptation: Canada in a changing climate 2007. Government of Canada, Ottawa, ON. <http://adaptation.nrcan.gc.ca/assess/2007/toc_e.php>
9. ↵
   1. City of Toronto

   . 2012. Sustaining and expanding the urban forest: Toronto’s strategic forest management plan. Parks, Forestry, and Recreation Division, City of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. 83 pp. <www.toronto.ca/trees>
10. ↵
    1. Craul, P.J.

    1999. Urban Soils: Applications and Practices. John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York, U.S. 366 pp.
11. ↵
    1. Cunningham, M.A.,
    2. E. Snyder,
    3. D. Yonkin,
    4. M. Ross, and
    5. T. Elsen

    . 2008. Accumulation of de-icing salts in soils in an urban environment. Urban Ecosystems 11:17–31.

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRef
12. ↵
    1. Czerniawska-Kusza,
    2. I.,
    3. G. Kusza, and
    4. M. Dużyński

    . 2004. Effect of deicing salts on urban soils and health status of roadside trees in the Opole region. Environmental Toxicology 19(4):296–301.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
13. ↵
    1. Day, S.D., and
    2. N.L. Bassuk

    . 1994. A review of the effects of soil compaction and amelioration treatments on landscape trees. Journal of Arboriculture 20(1):9–17.

    OpenUrl
14. ↵
    1. Day, S.D.,
    2. P.E. Wiseman,
    3. S.B. Dickinson, and
    4. J.R. Harris

    . 2010. Contemporary concepts of root system architecture of urban trees. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 36(4):149–159.

    OpenUrl
15. ↵
    1. Eimers, M.C.,
    2. K.N. Croucher,
    3. S.M. Raney, and
    4. M.L. Morris

    . 2015. Sodium accumulation in calcareous roadside soils. Urban ecosystems 18(4):1213–1225.

    OpenUrl
16. ↵
    1. Environment Canada

    . 2014. 1971–2000: Climate Normals and Averages. <http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/index_e.html?#1971>
17. ↵
    1. Equiza, M.A.,
    2. M. Calvo-Polanco,
    3. D. Cirelli,
    4. J. Señorans,
    5. M. Wartenbe,
    6. C. Saunders, and
    7. J.J. Zwiazek

    . 2017. Long-term impact of road salt (NaCl) on soil and urban trees in Edmonton, Canada. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 21:16–28.

    OpenUrl
18. ↵
    1. Gałuszka,
    2. A.,
    3. Z.M. Migaszewski,
    4. R. Podlaski,
    5. S. Dołegowska, and
    6. A. Michalik

    . 2011. The influence of chloride deicers on mineral nutrition and the health status of roadside trees in the city of Kielce, Poland. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 176:451–464.

    OpenUrlPubMed
19. ↵
    1. GBIF

    . 2017. Platanus acerifolia (Ait.) Willd. In: Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist Dataset. <https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei> via <http://gbif.orgon2017-10-21>
20. ↵
    1. Gillner, S.,
    2. J.M. Vogt, and
    3. A. Roloff

    . 2013a. Climatic response and impacts of drought on oaks at urban and forest sites. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 12(4):597–605.

    OpenUrl
21. ↵
    1. Gillner, S.,
    2. N. Rüger,
    3. A. Roloff and
    4. U. Berger

    . 2013b. Low relative growth rates predict future mortality of common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Forest Ecology and Management 302:372–378.

    OpenUrl
22. ↵
    1. Gilman, E.F., and
    2. D.G. Watson

    . 1994. Platanus × acerifolia, London Planetree. Fact Sheet ST-487: Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida; USDA Forest Service, USA.
23. ↵
    1. Grabosky, J.,
    2. N. Bassuk,
    3. L. Irwin, and
    4. H. Van Es

    . 2001. Shoot and Root Growth of Three Tree Species in Sidewalks. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 19(4):206–211.

    OpenUrl
24. ↵
    1. Greene, C.S., and
    2. A.A. Millward

    . 2017. Getting closure: The role of urban forest canopy density in moderating summer surface temperatures in a large city. Urban Ecosystems 20(1):141–156.

    OpenUrl
25. ↵
    1. Hair, J.J.,
    2. W.C. Black,
    3. B.J. Babin, and
    4. R.E. Anderson

    . 2010. Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective, seventh edition. Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, U.S. 800 pp.
26. ↵
    1. Harris, J.R., and
    2. N. Bassuk

    . 1993. Adaptation of trees to low-light environments: Effect on branching pattern of Fraxinus americana. Journal of Arboriculture 19(6):339–343.

    OpenUrl
27. ↵
    1. Hodge, S.J., and
    2. R. Boswell

    . 1993. A study of the relationship between site conditions and urban tree growth. Journal of Arboriculture 19:358–358.

    OpenUrl
28. ↵
    1. Hootman, R.G.,
    2. P.D. Kelsey,
    3. R. Reid, and
    4. K. Von der Heide-Spravka

    . 1994. Factors affecting accumulation of deicing salts in soils around trees. Journal of Arboriculture 20:196–196.

    OpenUrl
29. ↵
    1. Huberty, C.J., and
    2. S. Olejnik

    . 2006. Applied MANOVA and Discriminant Analysis, second edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, U.S. 576 pp.
30. ↵
    1. Jim, C.Y.

    1997. Roadside trees in urban Hong Kong: Part IV tree growth and environmental condition. Arboricultural Journal 21(2):89–106.

    OpenUrl
31. ↵
    1. Jutras, P.,
    2. S.O. Prasher, and
    3. G.R. Mehuys

    . 2010. Appraisal of key abiotic parameters affecting street tree growth. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 36(1):1–10.

    OpenUrl
32. ↵
    1. Kargar, M.,
    2. P. Jutras,
    3. O.G. Clark,
    4. W. Hendershot, and
    5. S.O. Prasher

    . 2015. Macro-nutrient availability in surface soil of urban tree pits influenced by land use, soil age, and soil organic matter content. Urban Ecosystems 18 (3):921–936.

    OpenUrl
33. ↵
    1. Lindsey, P., and
    2. N.L. Bassuk

    . 1991. Specifying soil volumes to meet the water needs of mature urban street trees and trees in containers. Journal of Arboriculture 17:141–148.

    OpenUrl
34. ↵
    1. Lu, J.W.T.,
    2. E.S. Svendsen,
    3. L.K. Campbell,
    4. J. Greenfeld,
    5. J. Braden,
    6. K.L. King, and
    7. N. Falxa-Raymond

    . 2010. Biological, social, and urban design factors affecting young street tree mortality in New York City. Cities and the Environment 3(1):article 5.

    OpenUrl
35. ↵
    1. Millward, A.A.,
    2. K. Paudel, and
    3. S.E. Briggs

    . 2011. Naturalization as a strategy for improving soil physical characteristics in a forested urban park. Urban Ecosystems 14(2):261–278.

    OpenUrl
36. ↵
    1. Morton Arboretum

    . 2017. London Planetree. The Morton Arboretum; City of Chicago, Illinois, U.S. <www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/london-planetree>
37. ↵
    1. Munns, R., and
    2. M. Tester

    . 2008. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annual Review of Plant Biology 59:651–681.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
38. ↵
    1. NRC

    . 2016. Plant Hardiness Zones in Canada. Natural Resources Canada (NRC), Ottawa, ON, Canada. <www.planthardiness.gc.ca/?m=1>
39. ↵
    1. Nielsen, C.N.,
    2. O. Bühler, and
    3. P. Kristoffersen

    . 2007. Soil water dynamics and growth of street and park trees. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 33:231–245.

    OpenUrl
40. ↵
    1. Nowak, D.J.,
    2. M. Kuroda, and
    3. D.E. Crane

    . 2004. Tree mortality rates and tree population projections in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2(3):139–147.

    OpenUrl
41. ↵
    1. Oke, T.R.,
    2. J.M. Crowther,
    3. K.G. McNaughton,
    4. J.L. Monteith, and
    5. B. Gardiner

    . 1989. The Micrometeorology of the Urban Forest [and Discussion]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 324(1223):335–349.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
42. ↵
    1. Page, J.L.,
    2. R.J. Winston, and
    3. W.F. Hunt III.

    . 2015. Soils beneath suspended pavements: An opportunity for stormwater control and treatment. Ecological Engineering 82:40–48.

    OpenUrl
43. ↵
    1. D.L. Sparks
    2. A.L. Page,
    3. P.A. Helmke,
    4. R.H. Loeppert,
    5. P.N. Soltanpour,
    6. M.A. Tabatabai,
    7. C.T. Johnston, and
    8. M.E. Sumner

    1. Rhoades, J.D.

    1996. Salinity: Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. pp. 417–435. In: D.L. Sparks A.L. Page, P.A. Helmke, R.H. Loeppert, P.N. Soltanpour, M.A. Tabatabai, C.T. Johnston, and M.E. Sumner (Eds.). Methods of Soil Analysis Part 3—Chemical methods, SSSA book series 5.3. Soil Science Society of America, Inc., American Society of Agronomy, Inc. Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.
44. ↵
    1. Roman, L.A., and
    2. F.N. Scatena

    . 2011. Street tree survival rates: Meta-analysis of previous studies and application to a field survey in Philadelphia, PA, USA. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 10(4):269–274.

    OpenUrl
45. 1. Roman, L.A.,
    2. J.J. Battles, and
    3. J.R. McBride

    . 2013. The balance of planting and mortality in a street tree population. Urban Ecosystems 17(2):387–404.

    OpenUrl
46. ↵
    1. Sherman, A.R.,
    2. B. Kane,
    3. W.A. Autio,
    4. J.R. Harris and
    5. H.D.P. Ryan

    . 2016. Establishment period of street trees growing in the Boston, MA metropolitan area. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 19:95–102.

    OpenUrl
47. ↵
    1. Souch, C., and
    2. S. Grimmond

    . 2006. Applied climatology: Urban climate. Progress in Physical Geography. 30(2):270–279.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
48. ↵
    1. Statistics Canada

    . 2011. Population, urban and rural, by province and territory (Canada). 2011 Census of Population: Statistics Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada. <www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/demo62a-eng.htm>
49. ↵
    1. Steenberg, J.W.N.,
    2. A.A. Millward,
    3. D.J. Nowak, and
    4. P. Robinson

    . 2017. A conceptual framework of urban forest ecosystem vulnerability. Environmental Reviews 25(1):115–126.

    OpenUrl
50. ↵
    1. D.L. Sparks,
    2. A.L. Page,
    3. P.A. Helmke,
    4. R.H. Loeppert,
    5. P.N. Soltanpour,
    6. M.A. Tabatabai,
    7. C.T. Johnston, and
    8. M.E. Sumner

    1. Thomas, G.W.

    1996. Soil pH and soil acidity. pp. 475–490. In: D.L. Sparks, A.L. Page, P.A. Helmke, R.H. Loeppert, P.N. Soltanpour, M.A. Tabatabai, C.T. Johnston, and M.E. Sumner (Eds.). Methods of Soil Analysis Part 3—Chemical methods, SSSA book series 5.3. Soil Science Society of America, Inc., American Society of Agronomy, Inc. Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
51. ↵
    1. Trowbridge, P.J., and
    2. N.L. Bassuk

    . 2004. Trees in the Urban Landscape. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, U.S. 207 pp.
52. ↵
    1. Wolf, K.L.

    2005. Business district streetscapes, trees, and consumer response. Journal of Forestry 103(8):396–400.

    OpenUrl
53. ↵
    1. Xu, S.,
    2. X.Y. He,
    3. W. Chen,
    4. Y. Huang,
    5. Y. Zhao, and
    6. B. Li

    . 2015. Differential sensitivity of four urban tree species to elevated O₃. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 14(4):1166–1173.

    OpenUrl
54. ↵
    1. Yang, J.

    2009. Assessing the impact of climate change on urban tree species selection: A case study in Philadelphia. Journal of Forestry 107(7):364–372.

    OpenUrl