Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Map of the Carolinian forest zone in Canada showing the four surveyed municipalities.
Tables
- Table 1.
Summary of socio-demographic and tree-planting variables, shown as a percentage of all respondents.
Combined London Hamilton Oakville Markham Education No certificate, diploma, or degree 3 2 8 1 3 High school certificate or equivalent 19 23 24 13 12 Apprenticeship, college, CEGEP 30 35 36 20 25 University bachelor’s degree 33 22 24 49 46 Masters or doctorate degree 15 19 8 18 15 Ethnicity British Isles 51 64 45 67 19 European 30 30 42 19 26 Other 19 5 13 14 55 Born Ontario 59 50 67 73 49 Outside of Ontario 41 50 33 27 51 Years at this current address 1 year or less 4 4 5 3 6 2 to 4 years 10 10 12 10 10 5 to 9 years 16 17 17 15 12 10 to 14 years 15 17 8 13 20 15 to 19 years 13 13 13 10 18 20 or more years 42 40 45 49 34 Household income 0 to 29,000 5 6 7 5 1 30,000 to 59,000 22 24 30 16 17 60,000 to 89,000 23 21 24 29 18 90,000 to 119,000 16 17 10 23 11 120,000 to 149,000 9 6 16 10 5 150,000 to 179,000 9 12 4 8 11 Over 180,000 16 14 9 10 37 Planted a tree on your property Yes 71 80 62 76 59 No 29 20 38 24 41 Planted a native tree on your property Yes 36 43 31 38 26 No 64 57 69 62 74 Knowledge of native trees (correctly identified native status) Yes 40 44 40 35 38 No 60 56 60 65 62 Statements Components General attitudes 1 No tree planting 2 Reduce hazards and future conditions 3 Plant all natives 4 Natives are more beneficial in urban areas 0.65 −0.03 −0.192 −0.123 I do not consider nativeness when planting −0.476 −0.062 0.418 0.365 I want my neighbors to plant native 0.706 0.088 −0.09 −0.059 Two similar trees: native over non-native 0.697 0.151 0.031 −0.071 I prefer native 0.751 0.306 −0.01 0.014 I prefer a native street tree 0.792 0.213 0.009 −0.003 City should plant more natives 0.728 −0.057 0.084 0.125 Homeowners should plant more natives 0.766 −0.069 0.032 0.118 City should plant more non-native −0.563 −0.008 0.216 0.319 City doesn’t need to plant more trees −0.352 0.767 0.138 0.034 Homeowners don’t need to plant more trees −0.337 0.788 0.091 0.046 Only plant natives that grow well 0.545 0.273 0.323 0.023 City is responsible for natural heritage 0.587 −0.07 0.287 0.312 Plant all native species 0.21 0.053 −0.237 0.784 Don’t plant native trees that have hazards 0.083 −0.023 0.707 −0.388 Practice assisted migration 0.217 −0.31 0.595 0.154 Initial Eigenvalues 5.236 1.570 1.398 1.179 % of variance 32.725 9.811 8.739 7.368 - Table 3.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with PCA components, socio-demographics, and action variables.
Component 1 Component 2 Component 3 Component 4 df F P df F P df F P df F P Socio-demographics Gender 1 2.499 0.115 1 1.211 0.272 1 0.120 0.730 1 0.165 0.685 Education 4 5.795 0.001 4 0.791 0.531 4 1.452 0.216 4 2.461 0.045 Ethnicity 2 1.488 0.227 2 2.113 0.122 2 2.485 0.084 2 2.543 0.080 Where born 3 3.133 0.025 3 3.075 0.027 3 2.542 0.056 3 4.773 0.003 Length of time at current residence 5 0.361 0.875 5 0.580 0.715 5 2.133 0.060 5 0.791 0.557 Own or rent home 1 2.381 0.123 1 0.277 0.559 1 0.366 0.545 1 0.021 0.884 Income 6 0.952 0.458 6 1.841 0.090 6 0.289 0.942 6 1.319 0.247 Number of people over 65 4 0.174 0.951 4 2.183 0.070 4 1.144 0.335 4 0.612 0.654 Number of people 45 to 64 3 0.236 0.871 3 1.269 0.285 3 0.602 0.614 3 1.047 0.371 Number of people 18 to 44 4 2.756 0.028 4 0.975 0.421 4 1.406 0.231 4 0.435 0.784 Number of people under 18 4 0.425 0.790 4 1.734 0.141 4 0.856 0.490 4 2.333 0.055 By municipality 3 1.909 0.127 3 1.108 0.346 3 2.091 0.101 3 0.050 0.985 Presence of UFMP 1 1.053 0.305 1 1.029 0.311 1 0.118 0.731 1 0.111 0.739 Knowledge and action variables Knowledge of native species 4 1.964 0.099 4 0.313 0.870 4 1.252 0.288 4 2.841 0.024 Carolinian Canada awareness 1 28.327 0.001 1 6.980 0.009 1 0.055 0.814 1 3.785 0.052 Participated in UF activity 2 0.091 0.913 2 0.051 0.951 2 0.844 0.433 2 1.072 0.346 Knowingly planted native 1 2.175 0.141 1 0.084 0.772 1 0.382 0.537 1 0.306 0.581 Trees removed since moving 5 0.609 0.693 5 0.546 0.741 5 1.009 0.412 5 0.338 0.890 Trees planted since moving 4 0.488 0.744 4 1.938 0.103 4 1.162 0.327 4 1.999 0.094 Number of trees on property 4 0.410 0.801 4 0.514 0.725 4 0.137 0.969 4 1.051 0.380 Number of native trees on property 4 1.049 0.381 4 2.598 0.036 4 0.623 0.647 4 1.194 0.313 Trees Planted and Removed Number of trees planted 1 to 4 5 to 10 10+ Total Percentage of respondents 43% 17% 12% 72% Number of trees removed 1 2 3 to 5 Total Percentage of respondents 22% 14% 24% 60% Future Actions Plans to plant a tree Plans to plant native May plant a tree May plant a native tree Percentage of respondents 11% 7% 31% 36% Age category Gender Highest education Ethnicity Where born Length of residence Ownership Income Presence of UFMP Knowingly planted a native tree Cramer’s V 0.069 0.088 0.118 0.014 0.069 0.044 0.034 0.071 0.129 P-value 0.311 0.051 0.146 0.956 0.497 0.964 0.442 0.926 0.003 Plan to plant a tree Cramer’s V 0.100 0.04 0.096 0.058 0.052 0.070 0.030 0.181 0.043 P-value 0.039 0.672 0.317 0.490 0.832 0.890 0.788 0.009 0.611 Plan to plant a native tree Cramer’s V 0.109 0.034 0.100 0.053 0.051 0.073 0.012 0.188 0.044 P-value 0.018 0.753 0.262 0.593 0.843 0.853 0.966 0.005 0.589 Planted with forestry goals in mind Cramer’s V 0.029 0.060 0.053 0.044 0.072 0.069 0.020 0.139 0.039 P-value 0.811 0.174 0.836 0.611 0.441 0.780 0.651 0.255 0.364 - Table 6.
Variables in the logistic regression (dependent variable = knowingly planted a native tree).
Variable B Wald Sig. No urban forest management plan −0.511 5.808 0.016 Carolinian aware 0.627 5.284 0.022 Knowledge of trees 25.768 0.000 Knowledge of trees (0) −2.428 25.002 0.000 Knowledge of trees (1–3) −1.278 9.767 0.002 Knowledge of trees (4–6) −1.050 7.690 0.006 Knowledge of trees (7–9) −1.125 8.117 0.004 Attitude Component 1 −0.211 3.867 0.059 Attitude Component 2 0.009 0.007 0.932 Attitude Component 3 −0.107 1.012 0.314 Attitude Component 4 −0.111 1.070 0.301 Constant 0.835 5.715 0.017
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