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Research ArticleArticles

Tree Species as Tools for Biomonitoring and Phytoremediation in Urban Environments: A Review with Special Regard to Heavy Metals

Claudia Dadea, Alessio Russo, Massimo Tagliavini, Tanja Mimmo and Stefan Zerbe
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF) July 2017, 43 (4) 155-167; DOI: https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2017.014
Claudia Dadea
Claudia Dadea, Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
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Alessio Russo
Alessio Russo, Laboratory of Urban and Landscape Design, School of Arts, Culture and Sports, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922, Vladivostok, Russia
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Massimo Tagliavini
Massimo Tagliavini, Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
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Tanja Mimmo
Tanja Mimmo, Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
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Stefan Zerbe
Stefan Zerbe (corresponding author), Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100, Bolzano, Italy,
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  • For correspondence: [email protected]
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    Figure 1.

    Research papers out of a total 134 reviewed papers with different aspects on phytoremediation in the urban environment.

Tables

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    Table 1.

    Inorganic marker elements associated with various emission sources or processes (modified according to Duong and Lee 2011; Fujiwara et al. 2011; Calvo et al. 2013).

    SO42−NO3−NH4+Cl−Br-LiNaKMgCaSrBaAlTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZnAsMoRhPdCdSnSbPtPb
    Aerosols/Sea saltxxxxxxx
    Crustal/Geological tracersxxxxxxxx
    Steel and metal industriesxxxxxxxxxxxx
    Heavy industriesxxxxxxxx
    Oil burningxxxxxxx
    Coal burningxxxxxx
    Biomass burningxx
    Waste incinerationxxxx
    Automobile gasolinexxx
    Automobile dieselxx
    Vehicle tailpipexxxxx
    Tire wear abrasionxx
    Brake wear abrasionxxx
    • View popup
    Table 2.

    Biological and phytogeographical characteristics of the selected tree species (1–6 literature sources; life span refers to urban areas). Asterisk (*) indicates hybrid.

    SpeciesFamilyIndigenous (I); non-native (N)Native rangeMaximum height (m)Average growth rate per year (cm)Root systemLife span (years)
    Acerpseudoplatanus L.AceraceaeIEurope and Caucasus/Asia15–30z0.63yFasciculate shallowx40–70w
    Ailanthus altissima P. Mill.SimaroubaceaeNChina–North Vietnam20–30z0.63yTaprootsv30–50v
    Betula pendula RothBetulaceaeINorthern Europe30z0.77yFasciculate shallowx80
    Carpinus betulus L.BetulaceaeICentral and eastern Europe20z0.71u–0.77yFasciculate deepx50–70w
    Gingko biloba L.GingkoaceaeNChina, Japan20–30z0.80yFasciculate deepx>250
    Platanus × hispanica Mill.PlatanaceaeN*Europe30z0.89yFasciculate deepx100–120w
    Quercus robur L.FagaceaeICentral and northern Europe30–40z0.70u–0.77yTaprootsx80-100w
    Robinia pseudoacacia L.FabaceaeNNortheastern United States20–25z0.65u–0.74yFasciculate deepx40–50w
    Tilia cordata MillerTiliaceaeIEngland/Wales, central and western Europe25z0.61u–0.62yFasciculate deepx80–100w
    • ↵z von Malek and Wawrik (1985)

    • ↵y Strobach et al. (2012)

    • ↵x Odone (1992)

    • ↵w Ferrari and Medici (1998)

    • ↵v Russo et al. (2014)

    • ↵u USDA (2012)

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    Table 3.

    Tree species’ main tolerance traits; h = highly suitable with regard to stress, m = moderately, l = low.

    SpeciesPollution resistanceSalt stress resistanceDrought resistanceHardinessz
    Acer pseudoplatanuslyhx, wlz, vh
    Ailanthus altissimahu, ths, xhz, t, rm
    Betula pendulahq, pmxmzh
    Carpinus betulushulx, omzh
    Ginkgo bilobahumnhzm
    Platanus × hispanicahmllhzm
    Quercus roburlx, y, k, jlo, ilzh
    Robinia pseudoacaciahx, u, hhhhzh
    Tilia cordatalghh, glxh
    • ↵z Roloff et al. (2009)

    • ↵y Aasamaa et al. (2002)

    • ↵x Dirr (1976)

    • ↵w Turner et al. (1993)

    • ↵v Sjöman et al. (2015)

    • ↵u Chiusoli (2004)

    • ↵f Kowarik (2011)

    • ↵s Karlik and Pittenger (2012)

    • ↵r Constán-Nava et al. (2010)

    • ↵q Hartikainena et al. (2012)

    • ↵p Seco et al. (2007)

    • ↵o Antonellini and Mollema (2010)

    • ↵n Takahashi et al. (2005)

    • ↵m De La Torre (2001)

    • ↵L Rose and Webber (2011)

    • ↵k Allen et al. (2010)

    • ↵j Wisniewski and Dickinson (2003)

    • ↵i Sehmer et al. (1995)

    • ↵h Sjöman and Busse Nielsen (2010)

    • ↵g Paludan-Müller et al. (2002)

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    Table 4.

    Tree species’ potential and/or suitability in various phytoremediation techniques; h = high, l = low, n.k. = unknown.

    SpeciesBioindicatorPbCdCuZnPhytostabilizationPhytomanagementFoliar trapping capacity
    Acer pseudoplatanuslz, y, x, w, vn.k.lulu hvhv, uht(pioneer species)shu, r
    Ailanthus altissimahq, plqlqn.k.lq, pn.k.n.k.hp
    Betula pendulahz, x, w, o, n, m, llk hz, n, llm, l, k hz, n, jln, lhw, n, l, jll(pioneer species)lhz, r, l, i
    Carpinus betulusly, mn.k.n.k.n.k.n.k.n.k.n.k.hy, r, l
    Ginkgo bilobals, ilhn.k.lhlhn.k.n.k.ls, h
    Platanus × hispanicalllln.k.lln.k.n.k.n.k.lg hl
    Quercus roburhz, y, x, flo, w, elelelele hllxn.k.hr, l
    Robinia pseudoacaciahz, y, w, q, l, d, c, b, a,*lq, a, * hd, clq, d, c, a, *hd, c, * lalq, a hd, c, *hl, f(pioneer species)lls, r
    Tilia cordataly, o, m, klo, k, **lklo hklon.k.n.k.hy, g, r, i
    • ↵z Dmuchowski et al. (2011)

    • ↵y Kardel et al. (2011)

    • ↵x Kardel et al. (2012)

    • ↵w Pourrut et al. (2011)

    • ↵v Sawidis et al. (2011)

    • ↵u Simon et al. (2011)

    • ↵t André et al. (2006)

    • ↵s Neinhuis and Barthlott (1998)

    • ↵r Sæbø et al. (2012)

    • ↵q Baycu et al. (2006)

    • ↵p Wang et al. (2006)

    • ↵o Aničič et al. (2011)

    • ↵n Evangelou et al. (2012)

    • ↵m Khavanin Zadeh et al. (2012)

    • ↵l Van Nevel et al. (2011)

    • ↵k Tomašević et al. (2011)

    • ↵j Unterbrunner et al. (2007)

    • ↵i Murakami et al. (2012)

    • ↵h Xiao and McPherson (2011)

    • ↵g Dzierzanowski et al. (2012)

    • ↵f Wisniewski and Dickinson (2003)

    • ↵e Aboal et al. (2004)

    • ↵d Çelik et al. (2005)

    • ↵c Cicek and Koparal (2004)

    • ↵b Ji et al. (2012)

    • ↵a Samecka-Cymerman et al. (2009)

    • ↵*Serbula et al. (2012)

    • ↵** Tomašević et al. (2013)

    • View popup
    Table 5.

    Tree allergenicity and VOCs emission capacity; h = high, l = low.

    SpeciesAllergenicityVOCs emission
    Acer pseudoplatanus      hz      ly
          Ailanthus altissima      hz, x, †      lw
    Betula pendula      hz, x      lw
    Carpinus betulus      hz, x      lw
    Ginkgo biloba      hz, x, †      lw, v
    Platanus × hispanica      hx      lw hw
    Quercus robur      hz, x      hw, v
    Robinia pseudoacacia      hz      hw, v
    Tilia cordata      hz      ly
    • ↵z Ogren (2000)

    • ↵y Karl et al. (2009)

    • ↵x Carinanos and Casares-Porcell (2011)

    • ↵w Loreto et al. (2014)

    • ↵w Kesselmeier and Staudt (1999)

    • ↵v Benjamin and Winer (1998)

    • ↵f Female

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Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF): 43 (4)
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF)
Vol. 43, Issue 4
July 2017
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Tree Species as Tools for Biomonitoring and Phytoremediation in Urban Environments: A Review with Special Regard to Heavy Metals
Claudia Dadea, Alessio Russo, Massimo Tagliavini, Tanja Mimmo, Stefan Zerbe
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF) Jul 2017, 43 (4) 155-167; DOI: 10.48044/jauf.2017.014

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Tree Species as Tools for Biomonitoring and Phytoremediation in Urban Environments: A Review with Special Regard to Heavy Metals
Claudia Dadea, Alessio Russo, Massimo Tagliavini, Tanja Mimmo, Stefan Zerbe
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF) Jul 2017, 43 (4) 155-167; DOI: 10.48044/jauf.2017.014
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Keywords

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  • monitoring
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  • Traffic Emission
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  • Volatile Organic Compounds

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