Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Arial photo of the area surrounding the experimental site. The orientation of the two vegetation belts (indicated with dark rectangle) and the main land use areas (agricultural and residential) are shown. Black arrow indicates north.
- Figure 2.
A) Daily trend of net photosynthesis expressed as μmol (CO2) m−2 (leaf area) s−1; B) daily CO2 uptake of the whole plant expressed as g (CO2 assimilated) day−1; C) relative growth rate (RGR); and D) relation between RGR and whole-plant daily CO2 assimilation of seven different shrubs in 2011, under optimal water availability. Data of CO2 uptake are the average of 12 daily measurements of net photosynthesis. Double asterisk (**) indicates significant differences among species at P < 0.01, different letters indicate different homogeneous groups using Duncan’s MRT.
- Figure 3.
Carbon allocation to different plant organs in seven shrub species in 2011 under optimal water availability. Different letters within an organ (i.e., leaves, stem, and roots) indicate significant differences among species at P < 0.01 using Duncan’s MRT.
- Figure 4.
A) Irrigation scheduling and substrate moisture (expressed as percentage of the water holding capacity of the container), for plants under drought stress (WS); and B) Whole plant carbon uptake in six shrubs grown under water stress in 2012 expressed as g (CO2 assimilated) per h−1. Data of substrate moisture are the average 12 plants per species for six species. T indicates when physiological measurements were carried out. Different letters within the same sampling date indicate significant differences among species at P > 0.01 using Duncan’s MRT.
- Figure 5.
Maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry during the “drought phase 1” in six shrubs grown under either well watered (WW) or water stress (WS) conditions. Double asterisk (**) indicates significant differences between WW and WS plants of a species for P > 0.01 using Duncan’s MRT. The normalized index of variation (NIV) was calculated as: [(Fv/Fm)WS − (Fv/Fm)WW] / [(Fv/Fm)WS + (Fv/Fm)WW] (Tattini et al. 2006).
- Figure 6.
Metal depositions on leaf surface, expressed as μg (metal) cm−2 (leaf area), in the different periods during growth season of 2011: 21 June 2011 (I); 03 August 2011 (II); 04 October 2011 (III); 30 August values are means of all species (μg cm−2). Different letters within the same sampling date indicate significant differences among species at P > 0.01 using Duncan’s MRT.
- Figure 7.
Environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) micrographies: A) adaxial and B) abaxial leaf surface of (1) Viburnum lucidum, (2) Arbutus unedo, (3) Photinia × fraseri, (4) Laurus nobilis, (5) Elaeagnus × ebbingei, and (6) Ligustrum japonicum. Images were taken at different magnifications as reported on the images.
- Figure 8.
A) Accumulation of Cu and Zn; B) Ni and Pb; C) and Cd expressed as mg (metal) / plant, from June to October 2011 in the water collected at the base of Viburnum lucidum, Arbutus unedo, Photinia × fraseri, Laurus nobilis, Elaeagnus × ebbingei, Ligustrum japonicum, and control. Values are means (mg/plant). Different letters within the same sampling date indicate significant differences among species at P < 0.05 (*) using Duncan’s MRT.
Tables
- Table 1.
Meteorological data for the experimental area of the three periods prior to the 2011 samplings.
Sampling periods 19 May – 21 June 21 June – 03 August 03 August – 04 October Precipitation (mm) 10.80 11.20 80,00 Wind direction SW SW WSW Wind speed (m s−1) 0.80 0.80 0.62 Temperature (°C) 20.78 23.33 23.24 Relative humidity (RH%) 71.45 63.94 61.33 - Table 2.
Leaf area (m2) of the six shrub species used for trace metals analysis at planting date (autumn 2010).
Mean SD Viburnum lucidum 0.41 0.04 Arbutus unedo 0.30 0.01 Photinia × fraseri 0.35 0.05 Laurus nobilis 0.44 0.09 Elaeagnus × ebbingei 0.50 0.06 Ligustrum japonicum 0.20 0.05 - Table 3.
Foliar deposition, per unit leaf area and per the whole canopy, of six shrub species of five trace metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn). Data are the mean of three samplings performed in June, August, and October. Data are means ± SD. ANOVA tests (A) of differences between species are also included. Values as 0.000 are less than 0.001.
V. lucidum A. unedo P. × fraseri L. nobilis E. × ebbingei L. japonicum Depositions per unit leaf area (μg cm−2 *1000) Mean SD A Mean SD A Mean SD A Mean SD A Mean SD A Mean SD A F P Cd 0.05 0.06 a 0.04 0.05 a 0.03 0.04 a 0.04 0.06 a 0.03 0.05 a 0.03 0.05 a 0.31 0.90 Cu 81.4 83.7 a 96.4 109 a 70.1 65.6 a 116 158 a 108 123 a 69.6 56.2 a 0.83 0.55 Ni 14.8 17.7 a 17.1 17.5 a 11.8 13.1 a 25.1 31.7 a 24.4 26.6 a 18.0 14.9 a 1.02 0.44 Pb 2.37 1.35 ab 1.62 1.25 bc 1.89 0.96 abc 1.25 1.03 c 2.09 0.72 ab 2.55 0.75 a 3.71 0.02 Zn 92.3 82.4 a 140 131 a 114 127 a 182 201 a 164 155 a 146 133 a 2.33 0.09 Depositions on the whole plant (mg) Mean SD A Mean SD A Mean SD A Mean SD A Mean SD A Mean SD A F P Cd 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.01 0.01 a 0.00 0.00 a 0.44 0.82 Cu 4.08 4.20 b 3.84 4.35 b 3.91 3.66 b 3.06 4.48 b 10.1 11.6 a 2.45 2.22 b 2.46 0.04 Ni 0.74 0.89 b 0.68 0.70 b 0.66 0.73 b 0.73 0.92 b 2.30 2.51 a 0.57 0.59 b 3.16 0.01 Pb 0.11 0.07 ab 0.06 0.05 bc 0.11 0.05 ab 0.03 0.03 c 0.16 0.10 a 0.10 0.03 b 5.53 0.00 Zn 4.62 4.13 b 5.60 5.23 b 6.37 7.06 b 5.30 5.85 b 15.5 14.6 a 5.13 5.17 b 3.08 0.02 - Table 4.
Partial least square regression analysis (PLSR) coefficients showing how deposition of different metals depends on wind velocity (Wind), air temperature (Air T°), relative humidity (RH%), and precipitation (Prec.). Values as 0.000 are not equal to 0 but less than 0.001.
F P r2 Const. Wind Air T° RH% Prec. Cd 10.74 0.002 15 −0.000 0.000 0.000 −0.000 −0.000 Cu 34.41 0.000 53 −0.732 0.486 0.048 −0.009 −0.001 Ni 19.98 0.000 40 −0.121 0.086 0.007 −0.001 −0.000 Pb 3.24 0.077 5 −0.001 0.002 0.000 −0.000 −0.000 Zn 128.18 0.000 67 −1.159 0.801 0.071 −0.012 −0.002 - Table 5.
Clusters derived from cluster analysis and factor loadings of two factors identified from factor analysis for metals on leaves during the entire sampling period. Varimax rotation was applied to factor analysis.
Cluster Factor 1 Factor 2 Cd 2 0.25 0.83 Cu 1 0.97 0.09 Ni 1 0.96 0.01 Pb 2 −0.02 0.89 Zn 2 0.88 0.28 - Table 6.
Leaf area of the whole plant (LA), leaf area index (LAI), average lamina size (LS), number of leaves per plant (N°L), crown diameter (CD), and height of plants (HP), of six shrub species planted in a field near a heavily polluted road (Exp. 3). Values are means ± SD. ANOVA tests (A) of differences between species are also included.
V. lucidum A. unedo P. × fraseri L. nobilis E. × ebbingei L. japonicum F P Mean SD A Mean SD A Mean SD A Mean SD A Mean SD A Mean SD A LA (m2) 5.01 0.67 bc 3.99 0.39 ab 5.58 1.58 c 2.9 0.24 a 9.43 0.68 d 3.87 0.56 ab 24.3 0.00 LAI 5.43 1.12 c 3.9 0.97 a 5.32 0.88 c 4.47 1.26 b 6.9 1.14 d 4.15 1.08 ab 17.6 0.00 LS (cm2) 31.9 5.66 c 10.5 2.68 a 19.5 1.45 b 20.8 4.17 b 12.6 1.49 a 17.3 2.04 b 31.6 0.00 N°L 1608 265 ab 3967 898 d 2876 226 c 1443 271 a 7611 1045 e 2268 284 bc 88.1 0.00 CD 102 7.06 d 93.1 6.45 c 102 13.2 d 71.6 12.2 a 108 11.7 d 81.5 14.4 b 25.2 0.00 HP 146 16.8 b 136 11.5 a 194 28.7 e 166 9.99 cd 170 31.8 d 162 24.9 c 13.4 0.00
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