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Forecasting the Effects of Heat and Pests on Urban Trees: Impervious Surface Thresholds and the ‘Pace-to-Plant’ Technique

Adam G. Dale, Elsa Youngsteadt and Steven D. Frank
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF) May 2016, 42 (3) 181-191; DOI: https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2016.016

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Figures

  • Figure 1.
    Figure 1.

    a) Thermal map of surface temperatures in Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S., taken on 18 August 2007. Each point represents a randomly selected A. rubrum street tree (N = 82). b) Zoomed in image of a single street tree placed onto a map of surface temperatures and impervious surface ground cover classification. Each ring around the tree represents one of the 13 radii for which percent impervious surface was calculated.

  • Figure 2.
    Figure 2.

    Four designed landscape scenarios illustrating the ‘Pace-to-Plant’ technique. In each diagram, the tree or planting site is located at the intersection of the transects. Circle diameters are equal to 40 m and road widths are equal to 9 m. White dashes represent steps onto impervious surface and black dashes represent steps onto pervious surface. The number of white dashes equals the percent impervious surface estimate for each scenario.

  • Figure 3.
    Figure 3.

    Simple linear regression of a) percent impervious surface (125 m radius) and tree canopy temperature, b) tree canopy temperature and M. tenebricosa abundance, and c) percent impervious surface cover (60 m radius) and M. tenebricosa abundance.

  • Figure 4.
    Figure 4.

    Probability curves illustrating the change in probability of finding a given tree condition rating as percent impervious surface around a planting site increases from 0% to 100%. Threshold lines are the average point at which each radius from the tree predicts a change in tree condition for all 13 measured radii. Each symbol indicates a different measured radius from the tree. Different colors represent different tree condition ratings.

  • Figure 5.
    Figure 5.

    a) Simulated paced estimate of impervious surface on x-axis correlated with the calculated actual percent impervious surface from four landscape scenarios. b) ‘Pace-to-Plant’ estimate of percent impervious surface cover on x-axis correlated with the GIS-calculated percent impervious surface at a 20 m radius. c) ‘Pace-to-Plant’ estimate of percent impervious surface cover on x-axis correlated with log transformed M. tenebricosa abundance.

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Forecasting the Effects of Heat and Pests on Urban Trees: Impervious Surface Thresholds and the ‘Pace-to-Plant’ Technique
Adam G. Dale, Elsa Youngsteadt, Steven D. Frank
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF) May 2016, 42 (3) 181-191; DOI: 10.48044/jauf.2016.016
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