Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Two streets in the City of Wilmington, one with trees and one without. Data indicates that living on the treed street would be less stressful than on the un-treed street.
Tables
Total trees Street trees Other trees Canopy Total trees 1.0000 Street trees 0.8014 1.0000 Other trees 0.6051 0.0091 1.0000 Canopy 0.7738 0.6653 0.4077 1.0000 - Table 2.
Correlations of safety and health with the stress measures at the individual and block levels.
Individual Block Safety Health Safety Health HAUS −0.44 −0.21 −0.71 −0.55 PSS −0.27 −0.33 −0.32 −0.38 Participant characteristic # Number of participants 810 Number of blocks 80 Respondents per block (min-max) 5 - 27 Gender Male 38.0% Female 62.0% Ethnicity Black 48.0% White 44.0% Asian 0.5% Other 0.6% Declined to answer 6.0% Highest education level completed Primary school 0.6% Secondary school 2.0% High school 46.0% University 51.0% Age Mean female 49 Mean male 50 - Table 4.
The variable names, source, and description of the variables used in the analysis.
Variable name Source Description HAUS Survey The HAUS is an additive scale of 14 items measuring community stress using questions that are personal evaluations of external stimuli. The measure used is a block average. StreetT Inventory A count of the number of municipal trees on the facing sides of the street. No trees on side streets were included. The number given is the block total. OtherT Inventory A count of the all trees between the facing block buildings, except street trees. It was calculated as the difference between the total trees and the number of street trees. MedInc Secondary Median income of the block, taken from a secondary data source, expressed per USD $1,000. BlkFeat Inventory An additive scale of five block features reviewed by the main author that reflect negative aspects of the block. Age Survey The average age of respondents on the block, based on the information given in the survey. Educ Survey The average block proportion of college-educated respondents, based on the information given in the survey. Employ Survey The average block proportion of employed respondents, based on the information given in the survey. Owner Survey The average block proportion of owner-occupied houses, based on the information given in the survey. Crime Survey The average block proportion of respondents who indicated crime on their block in the last month, based on the information given in the survey. Police Survey The average block proportion of respondents who indicated a police visit on their block in the last month, based on the information given in the survey. Safety Survey The block mean response to a four-item Likert scale, with 4 indicating Very Safe, based on the information given in the survey. Health Survey The block mean response to a five-item Likert scale, with 5 indicating Excellent, based on the information given in the survey. PSS Survey The PSS is an additive scale of 10 items measuring community stress using questions that inquire about personal efficacy. The measure used is a block average. Variable Mean Std. Dev Min Max HAUS 26.64 2.78 20.17 31.88 StreetT 6.60 6.09 0.00 25.00 OtherT 3.75 4.56 0.00 23.00 MedInc 34.85 8.74 15.00 58.00 BlkFeat 2.41 1.80 0.00 7.00 Age 50.41 7.10 27.00 65.00 Educ 0.45 0.28 0.00 1.00 Employ 0.61 0.21 0.00 1.00 Own 0.58 0.29 0.00 1.00 Crime 0.42 0.18 0.00 0.83 Police 0.65 0.23 0.00 1.00 Safety 2.37 0.46 1.40 3.50 Health 3.47 0.49 2.50 4.50 PSS 13.98 2.95 7.30 20.60 HAUS StreetT OtherT MedInc BlkFeat Age Educ Employ Own Crime Police PSS HAUS 1.00 StreetT −0.29 1.00 OtherT −0.57 0.01 1.00 MedInc −0.62 0.03 0.46 1.00 BlkFeat 0.57 −0.18 −0.47 −0.38 1.00 Age 0.13 −0.23 0.09 0.14 −0.06 1.00 Educ −0.55 0.19 0.56 0.37 −0.59 −0.08 1.00 Employ −0.38 0.18 0.30 0.20 −0.32 −0.40 0.57 1.00 Own −0.24 0.04 0.35 0.30 −0.44 0.30 0.42 0.07 1.00 Crime 0.11 0.08 −0.09 0.03 0.02 −0.02 0.09 0.14 0.00 1.00 Police 0.27 0.09 −0.19 −0.08 0.21 0.10 −0.21 −0.14 −0.12 0.19 1.00 PSS 0.36 0.11 −0.23 −0.34 0.20 −0.18 −0.25 −0.09 −0.23 −0.02 0.08 1.00 Variables Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Std B Intercept 14.18*** 16.73*** 17.92** 18.04*** Street Trees 0.05 0.06 0.05 Other trees −0.15 −0.03 0.00 Median income −0.10* −0.09* −0.12** −0.34 Block features 0.15 −5e-3 Age −0.04 Education −1.53 Employment −0.42 Ownership −0.96 Socialize 2.26 Experienced crime 0.12 Report police visits 0.08 Adjusted R2 0.04 0.10 0.05 0.11 Note: Single asterisk (*) = P < 0.05; double asterisk (**) = P < 0.01; triple asterisk (***) = P < 0.001 (2 tail).
Variables Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Std B Intercept 28.80*** 31.38*** 29.54*** 31.38*** Street trees −0.13** −0.11** −0.09** −0.11** −0.23 Other trees −0.34*** −0.16** −0.12* −0.16** −0.27 Median income −0.13*** −0.14*** −0.13*** −0.39 Block features 0.39** 0.35* 0.39** 0.25 Age 0.04 Education −1.15 Employment −0.06 Ownership 1.19 Socialize −1.97 Experienced crime 1.48 Report police visits 1.67 Adjusted R2 0.39 0.58 0.63 0.58 Note: Single asterisk (*) = P < 0.05; double asterisk (**) = P < 0.01; triple asterisk (***) = P < 0.001 (2 tail).
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