Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Method for measuring branch length. The TruPulse 360 measures distance to target, inclination, and azimuth. It can then calculate the straight line distance between two targets.
- Figure 2.
Correlation of laser (TruPulse 360) and in-tree linear tape measurements of annual pruning response growth in F. pennsylvanica. Mean length = 0.52 m, SD = 0.354, R2 = 0.98, F (1,92) = 4844, P < 0.001, slope = 0.948, N = 93.
- Figure 3.
Response growth classification and measurement: a) epicormic growth, b) directional cut and typical measurement, c) heading cut and typical regrowth.
- Figure 4.
Comparison of annual pruning response growth for three urban tree species since the last pruning episode. The dark line of each boxplot represents the median, the upper and lower hinges are 75th and 25th percentiles, respectively, whiskers extend to highest and lowest values within the 1.5 inter-quartile range. Data points beyond the whiskers are outliers. Boxplots with same letters are not significantly different, Tukey’s honestly significant difference HSD P < 0.001, N = 734.
- Figure 5.
Relationship between length of annual growth and number of years elapsed since the last pruning episode. The solid line represents the regression line of the annual response growth, while the dotted line represents the regression line of the annual control growth. Linear regression of annual length on time with species interaction yielded; R2 = 0.169, P < 0.001, slope = −0.18 N = 734. Fraxinus pennsylvanica, R2 = 0.01, P < 0.05, slope = −0.03, N = 369; A. platanoides, R2 = 0.05, P < 0.005, slope = −0.07, N = 278; A. saccharinum, R2 = 0.005, P > 0.05, slope = −0.02, N = 252. Control growth statistics not reported.
- Figure 6.
Comparison of annual response growth by response type for three species; directional pruning (d), epicormic growth (e), heading cut (h). The dark line of each boxplot represents the median, the upper and lower hinges are 75th and 25th percentiles, respectively, whiskers extend to highest and lowest values within the 1.5 inter-quartile range. Data points beyond the whiskers are outliers, points inside the box are the mean. Boxplots with same letters (within species plots) are not significantly different at P < 0.05 Tukey’s honestly significant difference HSD.
- Figure 7.
Annual growth of pruning response by branch inclination for three species. Zero degrees inclination corresponds with horizontal growth, and 90 degrees inclination corresponds with vertical, negative values are growth growing below horizontal (downwards). Linear regression of annual length on inclination with species interaction yielded: R2 = 0.11, P < 0.001, slope = 0.002, N = 730; for F. pennsylvanica, R2 = 0.04, P < 0.001, slope = 0.003, N = 338; A. platanoides, R2 = 0.14, P < 0.05, slope = 0.008, N = 205; A. saccharinum, R2 = 0.007, P > 0.05, slope = −0.002, N = 189.
Tables
Environment Whole tree Within crown Distance to adjacent buildings Species identity Regrowth type Adjacent building height Crown width (two dimensions) Branch origin height % exposed soil under crown Crown height Parent stem diameter Trim type, V or side (light exposure) Crown base height Regrowth inclination Azimuth of V-trim (light exposure) DBH Regrowth azimuth Stem distance (between V-trim main stems - light exposure) Regrowth length (annual and total length) Trees Response growth Heading growth Epicormic growth Directional growth Control growth Fraxinus pennsylvanica 28 111 20 82 9 66 Acer platanoides 15 58 18 30 10 30 Acer saccharinum 16 62 6 47 9 28 - Table 3.
Relationships between individual factors measured and branch regrowth for all species and individual species.
Variable Effect on All species F. pennsylvanica A. platanoides A. saccharinum P r2 P r2 P r2 P r2 Species Annual length <0.001 Na Na Na Time Annual length <0.001 0.17 <00.05 0.01 <0.001 0.05 NS Regrowth type Annual length <0.001 <.001 <0.001 <0.001 Inclination Annual length <0.001 0.02 <0.001 0.07 <0.001 0.14 NS Diameter PS Annual length <0.001 0.02 NS NS NS NS <0.001 0.06 Branch height Annual length <0.001 0.02 NS NS <0.05 0.02 <0.05 0.04 DBH Annual length NS NS NS NS Crown volume Annual length NS NS NS NS Building height Annual length NS NS NS NS Building distance Annual length NS NS NS NS % soil exposure Annual length NS NS NS NS Stem distance Annual length NS NS NS NS Trim type Annual length NS NS NS NS V-trim azimuth Annual length NS NS NS NS Branch azimuth Annual length NS NS NS NS Note: Time = number of years since last pruning episode; Stem distance = the distance between the main stems in a V-trim type tree.
All Species A. platanoides A. saccharinum F. pennsylvanica DBH N: 59 SD: 16 Min: 28
Mean: 52
Max: 112N: 15 SD: 11 Min: 32
Mean: 54
Max: 71N: 16 SD: 18 Min: 44
Mean: 70
Max: 112N: 28 SD: 7 Min: 28
Mean: 42
Max: 72Parent stem diameter N: 231 SD: 11 Min: 5
Mean: 16
Max: 90N: 58 SD: 5 Min: 5
Mean: 8
Max: 30N: 62 SD: 14 Min: 5
Mean: 20
Max: 90N: 111 SD: 10 Min: 5
Mean: 19
Max: 40% soil exposure N: 59 SD: 27 Min: 5
Mean: 30
Max: 95N: 15 SD: 18 Min: 10
Mean: 50
Max: 90N: 16 SD: 32 Min: 5
Mean: 44
Max: 95N: 28 SD: 7 Min: 5
Mean: 9
Max: 30
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